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STORMS. >>> SUNDAY'S 26 TORNADOES SET A
>>> SUNDAY'S 26 TORNADOES SET A RECORD FOR THE NUMBER OF
RECORD FOR THE NUMBER OF TORNADOES TO HIT IN INDIANA IN
TORNADOES TO HIT IN INDIANA IN NOVEMBER.
NOVEMBER. OF COURSE, TORNADOES CAN HAPPEN
OF COURSE, TORNADOES CAN HAPPEN IN ANY SEASON, BUT TYPICALLY IN
IN ANY SEASON, BUT TYPICALLY IN INDIANA, WHEN WE THINK TORNADO
INDIANA, WHEN WE THINK TORNADO SEASON, WE THINK SPRING.
SEASON, WE THINK SPRING. CODY KIRKPATRICK STUDIES STORMS
CODY KIRKPATRICK STUDIES STORMS AND WEATHER PATTERNS AT INDIANA
AND WEATHER PATTERNS AT INDIANA UNIVERSITY AND EXPLAINS WHY
UNIVERSITY AND EXPLAINS WHY TORNADO SEASON IS YEAR ROUND IN
TORNADO SEASON IS YEAR ROUND IN INDIANA.
INDIANA. WE HEAR ABOUT SEVERE WEATHER
WE HEAR ABOUT SEVERE WEATHER SEASONS BUT IN INDIANA, IT SEEMS
SEASONS BUT IN INDIANA, IT SEEMS LIKE THE SEVERE WEATHER SEASON
LIKE THE SEVERE WEATHER SEASON IS ALL YEAR ROUND.
IS ALL YEAR ROUND. WHY IS THAT?
WHY IS THAT? >> ONE OF THE THINGS THAT
>> ONE OF THE THINGS THAT HAPPENS HERE IS THAT SINCE WE
HAPPENS HERE IS THAT SINCE WE ARE NORTH OF THE GULF OF MEXICO,
ARE NORTH OF THE GULF OF MEXICO, ANY TIME WE HAVE SOUTHERLY WINDS
ANY TIME WE HAVE SOUTHERLY WINDS OR WINDS COMING OUT OF THE
OR WINDS COMING OUT OF THE SOUTH, THOSE WINDS COME FROM THE
SOUTH, THOSE WINDS COME FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO, UP THROUGH
GULF OF MEXICO, UP THROUGH ALABAMA AND TENNESSEE AND THAT
ALABAMA AND TENNESSEE AND THAT BRINGS MOISTURE.
BRINGS MOISTURE. THAT BRINGS HUMIDITY TO US, EVEN
THAT BRINGS HUMIDITY TO US, EVEN IN THE WINTERTIME.
IN THE WINTERTIME. AND WITH THAT HUMIDITY COMES
AND WITH THAT HUMIDITY COMES WARMTH AS WELL AND IN THE
WARMTH AS WELL AND IN THE WINTERTIME, WE GET THE WINTER
WINTERTIME, WE GET THE WINTER WINDS THAT ARE TYPICALLY STRONG,
WINDS THAT ARE TYPICALLY STRONG, WITH THE JET STREAM AND WHEN YOU
WITH THE JET STREAM AND WHEN YOU COUPLE WINTERTIME WINDS WITH,
COUPLE WINTERTIME WINDS WITH, FOR EXAMPLE, IN THIS LAST EVENT
FOR EXAMPLE, IN THIS LAST EVENT THAT WE HAD, IN KOKOMO AND
THAT WE HAD, IN KOKOMO AND LaFAYETTE, THAT WERE HEAVILY
LaFAYETTE, THAT WERE HEAVILY DAMAGED WITH TORNADOES, YOU GET
DAMAGED WITH TORNADOES, YOU GET THE SORT OF SPRINGTIME
THE SORT OF SPRINGTIME TEMPERATURES AND HUMIDITY WITH
TEMPERATURES AND HUMIDITY WITH THE WINTERTIME WINDS AND THAT'S
THE WINTERTIME WINDS AND THAT'S A RECIPE FOR SEVERE WEATHER.
A RECIPE FOR SEVERE WEATHER. >> WHAT RESEARCH IS BEING DONE
>> WHAT RESEARCH IS BEING DONE TO BETTER PREDICT TORNADOES?
TO BETTER PREDICT TORNADOES? >> WE KNEW ABOUT THIS EVENT,
>> WE KNEW ABOUT THIS EVENT, EVEN ON WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY.
EVEN ON WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY. THERE WAS AN IDEA THAT ILLINOIS
THERE WAS AN IDEA THAT ILLINOIS AND INDIANA AND MICHIGAN AND
AND INDIANA AND MICHIGAN AND KENTUCKY WERE IN DANGER FOR
KENTUCKY WERE IN DANGER FOR SEVERE WEATHER.
SEVERE WEATHER. AND OVER THE LAST ABOUT 20
AND OVER THE LAST ABOUT 20 YEARS, OUR COMPUTERS HAVE GOTTEN
YEARS, OUR COMPUTERS HAVE GOTTEN FASTER, AND WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO
FASTER, AND WE HAVE BEEN ABLE TO DO MORE RESEARCH ABOUT THE TYPES
DO MORE RESEARCH ABOUT THE TYPES OF THE ENVIRONMENTS THAT CAUSE
OF THE ENVIRONMENTS THAT CAUSE THUNDERSTORMS TO DEVELOP AND
THUNDERSTORMS TO DEVELOP AND WHAT CAUSES TORNADOES AND WE
WHAT CAUSES TORNADOES AND WE HAVE GOTTEN A LOT BETTER AT
HAVE GOTTEN A LOT BETTER AT PREDICTING THOSE AT LONGER AND
PREDICTING THOSE AT LONGER AND LONGER LEAD TIMES OR TWO DAYS IN
LONGER LEAD TIMES OR TWO DAYS IN ADVANCE OR THREE DAYS IN
ADVANCE OR THREE DAYS IN ADVANCE.
ADVANCE. WHEN YOU COUPLE THAT WITH THE
WHEN YOU COUPLE THAT WITH THE ADVENT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE
ADVENT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE LAST FIVE OR SIX YEARS, IT IS SO
LAST FIVE OR SIX YEARS, IT IS SO MUCH EASIER TO COMMUNICATE THAT
MUCH EASIER TO COMMUNICATE THAT RISK TO PEOPLE.
RISK TO PEOPLE. THE BIG THING THAT WE STILL DO
THE BIG THING THAT WE STILL DO NOT KNOW ABOUT TORNADOES, FOR
NOT KNOW ABOUT TORNADOES, FOR EXAMPLE, RIGHT NOW, IS WHY ONE
EXAMPLE, RIGHT NOW, IS WHY ONE STORM CAN PRODUCE A TORNADO BUT
STORM CAN PRODUCE A TORNADO BUT ANOTHER ONE DOES NOT.
ANOTHER ONE DOES NOT. ONLY ABOUT 30% OF THE REALLY
ONLY ABOUT 30% OF THE REALLY STRONG SUPER CELL STORMS THAT
STRONG SUPER CELL STORMS THAT ARE ROTATING AND WOULD CAUSE
ARE ROTATING AND WOULD CAUSE TORNADO WARNINGS, ONLY ABOUT A
TORNADO WARNINGS, ONLY ABOUT A THIRD OF THOSE ACTUALLY PRODUCE
THIRD OF THOSE ACTUALLY PRODUCE TORNADOES.
TORNADOES. AND WE HONESTLY DO NOT KNOW WHY.
AND WE HONESTLY DO NOT KNOW WHY. >> THE TORN TORNADOES WE SAW IN
>> THE TORN TORNADOES WE SAW IN INDIANA ON SUNDAY WERE EF-2
INDIANA ON SUNDAY WERE EF-2 TORNADOES.
TORNADOES. WHAT DOES THAT MEAN AND WHAT'S
WHAT DOES THAT MEAN AND WHAT'S THE SCALE.
THE SCALE. >> YES, TORNADOES ARE RATED ON
>> YES, TORNADOES ARE RATED ON THE EF STALE OR THE ENHANCED
THE EF STALE OR THE ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE WHICH IS A SCALE
FUJITA SCALE WHICH IS A SCALE THAT RATES TORNADO DAMAGE BASED
THAT RATES TORNADO DAMAGE BASED ON WHAT WIND SPEEDS WE THINK
ON WHAT WIND SPEEDS WE THINK WOULD PRODUCE THAT KIND OF
WOULD PRODUCE THAT KIND OF DAMAGE.
DAMAGE. YOU CAN'T ACTUALLY PUT
YOU CAN'T ACTUALLY PUT INSTRUMENTS OUT TO MEASURE THE
INSTRUMENTS OUT TO MEASURE THE WIND SPEEDS INTO A TORNADO
WIND SPEEDS INTO A TORNADO BECAUSE OF ALL THE DEBRIS AND
BECAUSE OF ALL THE DEBRIS AND THE DAMAGE.
THE DAMAGE. THE INSTRUMENTS WOULD NOT
THE INSTRUMENTS WOULD NOT SURVIVE.
SURVIVE. SO WE USE THE DAMAGE TO SORT OF
SO WE USE THE DAMAGE TO SORT OF BACK OUT HOW STRONG WE THINK THE
BACK OUT HOW STRONG WE THINK THE WINDS WERE, BASED ON HOW WELL
WINDS WERE, BASED ON HOW WELL THE HOME WAS CONSTRUCTIONED OR
THE HOME WAS CONSTRUCTIONED OR WHAT TYPE OF BUILDING IT HIT, A
WHAT TYPE OF BUILDING IT HIT, A MOBILE HOME WILL BE DAMAGED MUCH
MOBILE HOME WILL BE DAMAGED MUCH MORE EASILY THAN A TWO OR
MORE EASILY THAN A TWO OR THREE-BEDROOM HOME, FOR EXAMPLE.
THREE-BEDROOM HOME, FOR EXAMPLE. AND SO WE TAKE THAT ESTIMATE OF
AND SO WE TAKE THAT ESTIMATE OF WIND SPEED AND THEN SIMPLY
WIND SPEED AND THEN SIMPLY CATEGORIZE IT INTO EF-0, THE
CATEGORIZE IT INTO EF-0, THE VERY WEAK TORNADOES THAT PRODUCE
VERY WEAK TORNADOES THAT PRODUCE VERY LITTLE DAMAGE, TO 9EF-4 AND
VERY LITTLE DAMAGE, TO 9EF-4 AND THE F5 TORNADOES THAT ARE JUST
THE F5 TORNADOES THAT ARE JUST CATASTROPHIC.
CATASTROPHIC. >> WE SHOULD MENTION SINCE THAT
>> WE SHOULD MENTION SINCE THAT REPORT, THE TIPPECANOE COUNTY
REPORT, THE TIPPECANOE COUNTY HAS BEEN