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jbjb SPEAKER: In this film we shall be investigating the universe s smallest building block, the
atom. The atom, which sometimes appears as the title of a rather boring subject in textbooks,
actually contains very important truths, as well as providing us with important evidence
of the existence of God. THE MIRACLE IN THE ATOM SPEAKER: Atoms are everywhere ... Everything
we refer to as matter, in other words our own bodies, our rooms, our homes, all consist
of atoms. The reason we are able to perceive the atoms around us as matter is that the
electrons in the atoms orbits collide with the photons, and atoms attract or repel one
another. You are not even touching the chair you are sitting in at this moment ... In fact,
the atoms in your body are repelling those in your clothes and the chair, and the feeling
of touch arises in proportion to the force of that repulsion. We can never actually touch
the matter we hold in our hands. If we did actually touch it, we would enter into a chemical
reaction with it. That, of course, would mean that there could be no life.
Each one of the trillions of atoms that comprise your body is full of electrons that spin round
at a speed of thousands of kilometres a second. You do not realize it, but there are atoms
that revolve at an amazing speed and never lose their balance, break up or fragment,
in every single part of your body. So how did this equilibrium come into being?
It all began with a huge explosion, known as the Big ***. The smell of soil, the bright
blue of the sky, everything, was at one time concentrated in a single point of infinite
density and temperature. Scientists calculate that this moment took place some 15 billion
years ago. That moment was the beginning of the process in which the atom, the building
block of matter, and sub-atomic particles, formed in the wake of the explosion and combined
together. The building block of all the systems that would come to constitute life, calculated
right down to the finest detail, began to form from that first moment, within a specific
plan. The structure of the atom is described in great detail in books on chemistry and
physics. Yet there is one important point that is always glossed over: How did a system
based on such sensitive balances, with such a tiny volume, come into being? Why did protons
and neutrons come together in the wake of the Big ***, and why did electrons begin
to revolve around them? How is it that this unbelievable phenomenon was repeated everywhere
in the universe and that an almost infinite number of the flawless structures known as
atoms came into existence? All these questions about the origin of the atom lead us to a
single conclusion: God creates the entire universe. Scientists refer to this extraordinary
creation in the universe as fine tuning. This, in turn, reveals the existence of a Creator
Who rules the whole universe. That Creator is Almighty God, Lord of the worlds. [He is]
the Originator of the heavens and Earth. When He decides on something, He just says to it,
and it
is. (Qur an, 2:117) h of a millimetre. Let us envisage this by means of an example: If
you say, for instance, that you want to see the atoms in this key, then we would need
to magnify that key to the size of the Earth. Every atom inside the key magnified to that
extent will be no larger than a cherry. So what are the contents of such a minute structure
as this? Let us investigate the complex and flawless structure known as the atom together.
Every atom consists of a nucleus and electrons revolving in orbits far away from the nucleus.
There are other particles inside the nucleus, known as protons and neutrons. Until recently
it was thought that these were the smallest components of the atom. In the light of the
latest scientific findings, however, it was discovered that protons consist of particles
much smaller than themselves, called quarks.
THE POWER STORED IN THE NUCLEUS The nucleus is located right at the centre of the atom
and is made up of a certain number of protons and neutrons depending on the properties of
that atom. The volume of the nucleus is equal to a ten billionth of the volume of the atom.
SPEAKER: It is of course impossible to conceive of such a size. Let us therefore continue
with the example of the cherry. As we mentioned before, if we magnify a key to the size of
the Earth, then each atom inside the key would be the size of a cherry. If we want to see
the nucleus in one of these atoms, then we would have to change the scale again. The
cherry representing our atom must become a large ball two hundred meters in diameter.
Even at this unbelievable scale, the nucleus of our atom would not become any bigger than
a very tiny grain of dust. Yet there is one thing even more surprising than that: Although
its size is one ten billionth of an atom's size, the nucleus' mass comprises 99.95% of
the mass of the atom. How is it that something constitutes almost all of a given mass, while,
on the other hand, occupying almost no space? Professor Muammer ETIN ELIK The density constituting
the mass of the atom has not been distributed equally over it, in other words just about
the whole mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus. THE SPACE IN THE ATOM SPEAKER:
The figures prove that a large part of the atom consists of empty space. Put at its simplest,
the atom consists of a nucleus in the middle and electrons revolving around it. There is
nothing between the nucleus and the electrons. This microscopic distance in which nothing
exists is in fact a very large one on the atomic scale. Let us try and conceive of these
dimensions by using an analogy: There is a great space lying between the basic particles.
If I think of the proton of an oxygen nucleus as the head of a pin lying on the table in
front of me, then the electron revolving around it draws a circle passing through Holland,
Germany and Spain (The writer of these lines lives in France). (Jean Guitton, Dieu et La
Science [God and Science], Paris: Grasset, 1991, p. 62) INSIDE THE NUCLEUS: PROTONS AND
NEUTRONS The protons and neutrons inside the nucleus of the atom constitute 99.95% of the
mass of the atom and are the source of the variety of elements on Earth. There are 109
elements on Earth. Some of these elements are very familiar to us, such as oxygen, hydrogen,
gold and copper. Professor Muammer ETIN ELIK Since all the atoms that constitute elements
are composed of the same particles, what is it that makes the elements different from
one another? It is at this point that the importance of the number of the protons inside
the nucleus emerges. What makes elements different is the number of protons in their atoms. For
example, there is 1 proton in the hydrogen atom, the lightest element; 8 in oxygen and
79 in gold. It is only this difference in the number of protons that makes gold different
from iron, and iron different from oxygen. THE OTHER ASPECT OF THE ATOM: ELECTRONS Electrons
are particles spinning and revolving around the nucleus of the atom. This rotation is
realized ceaselessly and in perfect order on paths we call orbits. To make a comparison
between the size of electrons and the size of the Earth, if we enlarge an atom as big
as the Earth, the electron would be in the size of an apple. Dozens of electrons in a
space far too small to be seen even under the most powerful microscope revolve around
the nucleus in different orbits at the unbelievable speed of 1,000 kilometers a second. That speed
is the equivalent of being able to go from Paris to Milan in the space of one second.
THE FOUR FORCES OF THE UNIVERSE SPEAKER: There are certain forces that keep the atom, the
fascinating structure of which we have been describing, together. In order to understand
this, let us look at the centre of the atom, the nucleus. At a carbon atom nucleus for
example ... The atomic weight of a carbon atom is 6. This means there are 6 protons
in the nucleus. Yet there is an interesting point here: All protons carry a positive electric
charge, and particles with the same charge repel one another. How is it then that protons,
which should repel one another, remain together? In the face of this question, scientists hypothesised
that there was a force binding protons together, and named it the strong nuclear force. Professor
Muammer ETIN ELIK This strong nuclear force is one of the three basic forces operating
in the atom. The second is the weak nuclear force that affects the neutrons alongside
the protons. The third is the electromagnetic force, which keeps the electrons revolving
around the nucleus of the atom in their orbit. Electrons carry a negative charge and are
attracted by the electromagnetic force towards the positively charged nucleus. The centrifugal
force they acquire as they revolve balances the electromagnetic force, and they thus remain
in orbit. There is one more force operating in the universe as a whole in addition to
these three basic forces that affect the atom; that is the gravitational force. SPEAKER:
The information we have seen so far can be found in any book on physics. Yet there is
an important fact that is generally never mentioned: The strengths of these four fundamental
forces in the universe are very different, and that difference depends on a very sensitive
balance. The strong nuclear force, for example, is some billion, billion, billion times greater
than that of gravitation. There is a more than million million-fold difference between
the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force. What would happen if these differences
were slightly different? Professor Muammer ETIN ELIK For instance, if the strong nuclear
force in the atoms that comprise your body at this moment were slightly weaker, your
body would instantly fragment. A variation of just one in a thousand would be sufficient
for this to happen. Yet thanks to the delicate equilibrium of the four fundamental forces,
the atoms that make up your body and the rest of matter, always remain stable. This sensitivity
in the levels of the four fundamental forces astonished scientists. One of these, the renowned
physicist Paul Davies, makes this comment: Had nature opted for a slightly different
set of numbers, the world would be a very different place. Probably we would not be
here to see it When one goes on to study cosmology, incredulity mounts. Recent discoveries about
the primeval cosmos oblige us to accept that the expanding universe has been set up in
its motion with a cooperation of astonishing precision. (Paul Davies, The Accidental Universe,
1982, Preface) Another striking aspect of this fact emerges when the concepts employed
are elaborated on. We have seen that scientists refer to the physical forces in the universe
as the four fundamental forces. Yet that definition does not explain the existence of these forces
and why they are so finely balanced. If we go beyond that definition, we encounter the
fact that Almighty God orders the universe at every moment. This truth, arrived at by
modern physics, is in fact nothing more than the discovery of a secret revealed in the
Qur an 1,400 years ago: God keeps a firm hold on the heavens and Earth, preventing them
from vanishing away. And if they vanished no one could then keep hold of them. Certainly
He is Most Forbearing, Ever-Forgiving. (Qur an, 35:41) PART 2. THE SECOND STEP ON THE
PATH TO MATTER: MOLECULES SPEAKER: At the outset we said that the atom was the building
block of everything we see around us, and we have indeed witnessed how the flawless
balances in the atom are maintained with great sensitivity. In this section, we shall be
taking a further step and examining how atoms combine to form molecules, another link in
this chain of miracles. Molecules are the smallest units determining the chemical properties
of matter. These small bodies are made up of two or more atoms and some, of thousands
of groups of atoms. Atoms are held together inside molecules by chemical bonds determined
by the electromagnetic force of attraction. The arrangement of molecules in different
combinations give rise to the diversity of matter we see around us. The BuIldIng Block
of LIfe: the "Carbon" Atom Professor Muammer ETINCELIK: Carbon is the most vital element
for living beings, because all living organisms are constructed from compounds of carbon.
Structures as diverse as the cell membrane, the bark of a tree, the lens of the eye, and
the white of an egg are composed of carbon compounds. Carbon, combined with hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen in many different quantities and geometric arrangements, results in approximately
1.7 million compounds. One of the most significant properties of carbon is its ability to form
chains very easily by lining carbon atoms up one after another. Some carbon compounds'
molecules consist of just a few atoms; others contain thousands or even millions. Also,
no other element is as versatile as carbon in forming molecules with such durability
and stability. Carbon is unique among the elements in the number and variety of the
compounds which it can form. Over a quarter of a million have already been isolated and
described, but this gives a very imperfect idea of its powers, since it is the basis
of all forms of living matter. (Nevil V. Sidgwick, The Chemical Elements and Their Compounds,
1950, p. 490) Professor Muammer ETIN ELIK: Science today is still unable to fully understand
the capacity of the carbon atom. In laboratories, new compounds are produced everyday. Currently,
it is possible to talk about almost two million compounds. As it is known, the carbon atom
is capable of forming approximately 1.7 million compounds. While the other elements can form
a total of 300,000 compounds, carbon, in an extraordinary manner, is able to form 1.7
million just on its own. In conclusion, the carbon atoms form 85% of all known compounds.
The question of how the carbon atom first came into existence leads us to another miracle.
The carbon atom forms through a series of nuclear reactions in the centre of giant stars.
However, these reactions have such delicate physical balances that despite being a materialist
himself, even the renowned British astronomer Fred Hoyle who discovered this, was unable
to refrain from saying that a super intellect had intervened in physics. God has created
the universe with a flawless harmony. In referring to a super intellect, Hoyle admits the manifest
existence of God. PART 3. ATOMS COMING TO LIFE SPEAKER: It very definitely cannot be
thought that one day pieces of stone in inanimate earth gave rise to a living being. Some people,
however, make just such a claim; in other words they maintain that atoms came together
by themselves and gave rise to living things by allegedly evolving. It is clear that this
claim flies in the face of reason, because atoms have no consciousness, and thus no ability
to organize themselves. For example, everyone knows that an aeroplane cannot emerge from
the mixing together of aluminium, plastic and petrol. A plane only emerges when you
bring these substances together in a conscious manner, with very fine calculations. Therefore,
the existence of such raw materials as aluminium, steel and plastic is not enough for there
to be a plane. A plane only emerges through conscious planning. Living systems are no
different. A living cell came into being through inanimate atoms being brought together with
a very special creation. Living cells properties of growth, reproduction and the like are the
result of a perfect creation, not of the attributes of their molecules. This is God s creation
of living things from inanimate atoms: God is He Who splits the seed and kernel. He brings
forth the living from the dead, and produces the dead out of the living. That is God, so
how are you perverted? (Qur an, 6:95) PART 4. THE POWER OF THE ATOM There is great power
stored within the nucleus of the atom. So great is that power that with the discovery
of this energy humanity is able to make giant canals connecting oceans together, build mountain
passes and produce artificial climates. This force, used in nuclear energy and medicine,
is without doubt of vital importance in the present day. Professor Muammer ETIN ELIK:
The name of this magnificent power hidden within the nucleus of the atom is strong nuclear
force. This force is released by the technical process known as fission, in other words nuclear
splitting, and an enormous amount of energy is released during this reaction. The reaction
known as fission is the splitting of the atomic nucleus, held together with the strong nuclear
force, the most powerful force in the universe. The principal substance used in fission reaction
experiments is uranium. During fission experiments, scientists shot a neutron at the uranium nucleus
at great velocity and discovered that the nucleus began to split into its components,
releasing a certain amount of energy. Under the effect of the energy produced, the uranium
nucleus begins ejecting the components it contains at great velocity, and thus initiates
a chain reaction. Each newly split nucleus behaves like the initial uranium nucleus.
Thus, a chain of nuclear reactions starts. A large number of uranium nuclei are split
into fragments as a result of these chain reactions, causing an enormous amount of energy
to be released. SPEAKER: It was these nuclei divisions that have caused the Hiroshima and
Nagasaki disasters, causing the death of tens of thousands of people. At the moment of the
detonation of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima by the United States in 1945, and in its aftermath,
approximately 100,000 people died. Another atom bomb dropped on Nagasaki by America caused
the death of another 40,000 people right at the moment of detonation. While the power
released by the nuclei caused the death of many people, it also destroyed a very large
residential area, and gave rise to many irreparable genetic and physiological disorders in the
remaining residents of that area, due to the radiation released, which was to affect generations
to come. How is it though, that while our Earth, the whole atmosphere, and everything
animate and inanimate including us, are composed of atoms, this incredible force stored in
the atom is not released by natural means? Because the flawless equilibrium in the creation
of the atom keeps this force under control. The chain reaction that causes a nuclear explosion
can only be produced by artificial means. CONCLUSION SPEAKER: Throughout the course
of this film, we have examined a great many astonishing and miraculous phenomena. We have
seen that a body consisting of atoms breathes the atoms in the air, eats the atoms in food
and drinks the atoms in water. What we have seen is nothing else than the collision of
photons and the electrons in the atoms in your eye. What about what we perceive through
touch? That, too, consists of the atoms in our skin repelling the atoms in objects The
structure of the atom possesses a very complex equilibrium. None of these structures, therefore,
could have come into being by chance, as materialists who deny the existence of God admit. Chance
gives birth only to chaos, corruption, disorder and error. The magnificent harmony, order
and equilibrium in the atom show that all of life is the product of a conscious and
flawless creation. All these scientific facts we have seen so far demolish atheistic philosophy
in an incontrovertible manner, and prove that the origin of everything, animate or inanimate,
is not blind chance, but creation. The creator of all that exists is Almighty God, Lord of
the worlds. In one verse of the Qur an it is revealed: In the creation of the heavens
and Earth, and the alternation of the night and day, and the ships which sail the seas
to people s benefit, and the water which God sends down from the sky by which He brings
the earth to life when it was dead and scatters about in it creatures of every kind and the
varying direction of the winds, and the clouds subservient between heaven and Earth, there
are signs for people who use their intellect. (Qur an, 2:164) PAGE PAGE |wtq |wtqnk &`#$ @KD`:
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