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[ Music ]
>> Sit down at the table, please.
Come on, guys.
At the table, please.
[music] Yeah.
[ Music ]
>> We have a new baby.
[laughter]
>> Yes. [laughter]
>> Did mommy feel a kick yesterday for the first time?
>> Yeah.
>> Dylan, hold hands.
Bye bye, guys.
Say, "Bye bye."
Bye bye. Big wave.
>> Bye!
>> Bye. Bye.
>> Brendan Casey: I left Hawaii to come to Fermilab.
I remember the first day because it was at a time when one
of the big programs we were doing here was just
getting underway.
So, when I showed up here there was a laundry list
of things that weren't working.
And so, it was just: Here.
Jump in. Grab something.
This is going to be your thing.
You make this work.
So, excitement is kind of an understatement.
From day one, it is okay, well, it's time to start learning.
>> Herman White: We are a discovery laboratory.
What we do is to get an understanding in terms
of the basic constituents that make up our universe and the way
in which those constituents interact with each other.
Our laboratory is an Office
of Science laboratory that's designed basically as a mission
to look for those things that essentially you don't find
in most any other laboratory in the United States.
>> Craig Hogan: Fermilab is an incredibly exciting place.
It's a huge center of just physics energy.
Stuff happening.
And that's both in theory and in experiments.
So, intellectually, it's very exciting.
Extreme cutting-edge research.
Brand new knowledge.
We have three frontiers of fundamental physics.
All three frontiers are addressing the fundamental
nature of matter, energy, space and time.
But they do so in different ways.
>> Herman White: The Cosmic Frontier has to do essentially
with the connection between the particles that we look at here
and the particles that are produced naturally
within the universe, itself.
That is, within the cosmos --
with galaxies and galaxy clusters
and black holes are all connected
to the fundamental particles
that we can produce in our laboratory.
>> Craig Hogan: The Energy Frontier is the one most
familiar in Fermilab.
We can smash together particles at extremely high energy
and see what comes out.
Probing very small scales the interiors
of elementary particles.
>> Herman White: And that requires large accelerators
and large detectors to go along with those accelerators
and an incredible amount of computer technology
to analyze the data that we collect.
And the other frontier is the Intensity Frontier.
This is a frontier that allows us essentially to do studies
in high-energy particle physics
that may be extremely rare in their reactions.
The reactions are so rare that we don't see them readily.
So, to be able to produce them,
we have a high-intensity particle beam, hence,
the Intensity Frontier.
And this allows us to do millions and billions
of reactions and ferret out just a few
of these very rare reactions that are the science
that we want to study.
It's somewhat like having a small needle in a haystack
and the haystack is actually in a field of hay
and it covers three-quarters of the planet
but you're looking for that one needle.
So, the three frontiers cover the vast size of the universe,
the accelerator area that we can actually control, essentially,
the building of the components that make up that vast universe.
And then, of course, the rare reactions that happened
in the universe with our high-intensity beams as we see
in the Intensity Frontier.
[ Music and slide projector sounds]
>> Brendan Casey: That ring out there, the Tevatron,
was the largest superconductor ever built.
So big you can see it from space.
You can see it in your airplane if you're flying in and landing
at O'Hare, and that's how we looked for new particles.
We looked for new things at higher energies
than anyone had ever looked before.
>> Herman White: This is just what happens
within a research facility.
When you finish some part
of that research activity, you finish.
You do something else.
And that doesn't mean that you build another laboratory.
It means you come up with a different idea
to use the infrastructure you already have.
>> Brendan Casey: So, where we're standing now is
in the antiproton production complex.
What we're in the process
of doing is converting these accelerators
into a muon production complex.
And it just turns out we have all this infrastructure
that we put into making antiprotons.
It's just right for making the type of muons that we need.
And we're going to make one
of the world's greatest muon production facilities
in these rings, in these tunnels.
And we're going to do some of the best muon experiments
that have ever been done.
We're going to push the envelope,
orders of magnitude compared
to what other experiments have been able to do in the past.
>> Herman White: We push the envelope.
We do new things here.
If you have an imagination, if you can come up with new types
of things and new ways of doing things, this is the place to be.
I think the future of Fermilab is inevitably tied
to doing new things, having new ideas, exploring those ideas.
Some of those ideas come up to be things that actually take you
down a path that you never thought of doing before.
And this happens in high-energy physics all the time
like the World Wide Web
and using neutrons for cancer therapy.
And all these sort of things happen
because we have some very imaginative people
at Fermi Laboratory who say,
"I wonder what would happen if I did this?"
[music] And many of those questions --
in fact, in our business,
most of those questions -- lead to a discovery.
[ Music ]
>> Denton Morris: Fermilab is a lot like a car.
Your car has got a lot of moving parts.
When you buy it brand new, it works beautiful,
and you love that new car smell.
But if you don't maintain it, after 10 or 20 years,
you haven't changed the oil, you haven't changed the air filter,
it's not going to be running very well if it runs at all.
>> We've got 13 or 14 miles of equipment in the tunnel.
And thousands and thousands of devices in there.
When they're running well, nobody ever wants
to turn them off to work on them, to maintain them.
So, we end up usually running them just as long as possible
until we have to shut down.
Because when we're running, we've got, you know,
thousands of volts, thousands
of amps powering all this equipment in the tunnel.
Nobody can go in there.
But eventually, we have to go in and work on things.
>> Mary Convery: Normally, the accelerators run 24 hours a day,
7 days a week continually providing beam
to the experiments.
However, usually, about once a year,
we shut down for maintenance and sometimes for other upgrades.
Lots of different jobs.
[ Music ]
>> Brendan Casey: So, this is a bird's eye view
of the Fermilab site.
You could see all the different rings,
which are different accelerators,
and all the different lines, which are beam lines.
And right here is Wilson Hall, our high-rise.
Everything starts right on the west side
of Wilson Hall over here.
So, we start out with a bottle of hydrogen,
and that's where we get our protons from.
So, we pull them out and we bring them
down this first accelerator here.
This is our linear accelerator where we pump energy into there.
And, as the particles travel down the accelerator,
they get faster and faster and faster.
Now the problem is: If we wanted to get them as fast as we need
to get them, we'd have to make this linear accelerator
really long.
So instead, at the end of the linear accelerator,
we shoot the particles into a circular accelerator.
Our first circular accelerator here is called the Booster.
And each time the particles go
around the booster they get faster and faster and faster
until they get to the maximum energy
that we can get into the Booster.
So, after that, we take them out of the Booster.
We bring them into this ring here.
This is the Main Injector.
We play the same trick as they go around.
They get faster and faster and faster until we get them
up to the perfect energy, the sweet spot
for doing different things with them.
So, one of the things we used to do with protons
in the Main Injector is we'd shoot them
into the Tevatron ring.
And we'd also shoot them over here, make antiprotons
and shoot those into the Tevatron ring.
We'd bring those together in different collisions
at the CDF experiment, in the DZero experiment.
And we'd search for new particles in the proton,
antiproton collisions.
>> These experiments have been running for a long time.
CDF over there.
DZero over there.
We've been taking data like gangbusters,
and now we've got billions and billions of events.
So, all that information is now on tapes that are all sitting
in the computing division.
[Background music] Even though the experiments aren't running
anymore, the next step is really going
through that data again and again and again.
Are there new things -- new particles that we could find?
Is there information that we have that can help the LHC?
If the LHC discovers something, can we come back and say:
What information do we have here?
The two data sets together is going
to give us a lot more information.
So, it's gold.
It's Fort Knox over there.
That's our Fort Knox.
And that's a process that will go on for the next decade.
[music]
>> The other thing we can do with protons
in the Main Injector is we can shoot them
into different beam lines and smash them
into the different targets and get all sorts
of different things coming out.
And have different sets of experiments
in all these different buildings
that you see along these beam lines here.
Now something that we've only started doing
in the last decade -- and what we'll continue to do --
is take protons out of the Main Injector,
shoot them into a target and make a beam of neutrinos.
And so we have a neutrino beam line here
that goes all the way to Minnesota.
And then we're gonna have a neutrino beam line that comes
around here and goes all the way to South Dakota
for neutrino experiments out there.
So, with this complex of accelerators, we could do just
about anything you'd ever wanna do with protons.
[music]
>> Mary Convery: Especially in the accelerator division,
you know, we rely more on technicians and operators
and engineers and probably than any on either group at the lab.
You know, the physicists are very important
when the machines are running and for figuring
out what we want to do next,
how we want to design our new machines.
But during a shutdown like this it's --
and even when we're running and things break,
it's absolutely critical that we have a great group
of technicians.
>> Denton Moore: A lot of people think
that Fermilab is a laboratory that's just physicists.
A bunch of people in lab coats just doing physics research.
And in reality, they're not the majority of the people here.
No physicist makes this equipment,
installs the equipment and maintains it.
That's done by machinists.
It's done by engineers.
A lot of technicians to maintain and install
and upgrade the systems.
In addition to that, of course,
we have all the people keeping the whole lab running.
High-voltage electricians, mechanics.
Somewhere there's an accountant that pays me every month.
I don't know how that works.
But, you know, this is a very diverse group of people here.
>> Mary Convery: That's one of the things I really love
about Fermilab is I think, you know,
everybody takes pride in their work.
It's like my feeling is that we're a big happy family and,
you know, we all work together for the good of Fermilab.
So, that's one of the things I really like about this lab.
[ Music ]
>> Bonnie Fleming: Okay.
Let's go. [laughter] Sam, do you wanna pick out a spoon and bib?
Okay. Bye bye, Sam.
Bye. My kids make me a better physicist.
They certainly teach me time management.
You know, and I may not work the fabled 80-hour week,
but I sure eke every minute out of every day that I'm at work.
>> How are you today?
>> Good. How are you?
>> Craig Hogan: A very special way
that Fermilab works is teams of scientists.
So, they have in their DNA the desire
to work together as a team.
And that is a very powerful thing.
It means that you could do very large, complicated,
challenging projects that you couldn't do anywhere else.
At a place like Fermilab, even beyond the borders of the lab,
in collaboration with universities across the country,
the labs around the world, Fermilab is involved
with all of those things.
>> Bonnie Fleming: If we break the world
down into the smallest possible parts,
the smallest parts we can come to are elementary
or fundamental particles, and there are 12 of them.
And three of them are the neutrinos, and they come
in three different flavors: The electron neutrino.
The muon neutrino.
And the tau neutrino.
Neutrinos are fantastically interesting particles
but difficult to study.
They're electrically neutral.
That's the "neut" part of them.
And they're very tiny.
That's the "ino" part of them so "neutrinos."
Electrically neutral and very tiny.
So, this is ArgoNeut.
It's a neutrino detector.
You never actually see a neutrino in the detector.
You see the remnants of what happens
when a neutrino hits something in the detector.
Now the thing that complicates neutrino flavor is the fact
that neutrinos oscillate between their different flavors.
I can create a neutrino beam that's purely one kind
of neutrino, and it can spontaneously morph
into another flavor of a neutrino.
Let's think of an analogy for neutrino oscillations.
And we can think about one
of my children's favorite topics, which is ice cream.
So, you start at the ice cream factory
with your three standard flavors of ice cream: Strawberry,
vanilla and chocolate.
And you drive from the ice cream factory to the ice cream store.
And what you don't anticipate is: The time it took
to drive the truck to get to the store,
some of the strawberry becomes chocolate.
All of the strawberry and the vanilla become chocolate.
That would be my children's preference.
And that's what neutrino oscillations are.
Your three flavors of neutrinos change until you measure them
at the near site: What they started
out at the ice cream factory.
And at the far site, what you actually deliver.
And that tells you different properties of neutrinos.
And that's the revolution in neutrino physics
that happened just over a decade ago.
[ Music ]
Bonnie Fleming: Now we're trying
to study how matter is different than antimatter.
That's the holy grail.
We live in a matter-dominated universe, and we don't know
where the antimatter, which should've been created
in equal amounts in the early universe, went.
So, we study neutrinos to understand that.
>> Deborah Harris: Discovering that neutrinos were the source
of the disappearance of all of the antimatter
that must have been produced at the Big ***,
that would be a great discovery for science because it's one
of these questions that, you know,
this is such a fundamental principle, that matter
and antimatter get created in equal portions, and it's sort
of embarrassing that we don't know the answer yet why it is
that there's this huge imbalance between matter
and antimatter in the universe.
It's like, you know, you can understand,
explain away, so many things.
You know, why is the sky blue and all this kind of stuff,
but you can't explain why there are no antiparticles around.
So, that's why it would be a really great discovery
for science.
>> Bonnie Fleming: I want to see neutrino interactions.
It's so exciting just to see these beautiful images
of neutrino interactions and to see
that we can get these detectors up and running easily.
Some day we want to build a really big one.
That's the goal of building these detectors
from the smallest scales to learn as much as we can
up to the biggest scales --
high-rise-size detectors so that we can look for matter,
antimatter, asymmetry in the neutrino sector.
The holy grail will take many years, so it's a process.
And the process is just as much fun as the eureka moment.
Maybe even more fun.
[ Music ]
I never imagined, as a physicist,
that I would work deep underground.
It's kind of fun to do so.
You have to take an elevator that goes
down 100 meters from the surface.
And it rattles as it goes.
Very industrial.
Neutrinos pass through the earth nearly unnoticed,
so we don't actually have to build a beam line
between Fermilab and Minnesota.
We can just let the neutrinos travel through the earth,
streaming through like little ghost particles like they travel
through the earth all the time, until they get to the detector
where we hope some of them stop.
[ Music ]
>> David Schmitz: The whole purpose of MINERvA,
I should say, is to study how neutrinos interact with matter.
And it turns out that the atom that it's interacting
with has a big impact on the type of interaction that occurs
or the way the interaction happens.
The final look of the interaction will be different
if it happens on iron versus on water versus on lighter elements
like hydrogen or helium.
And the purpose of the experiment is
to study those types of effects.
Yet in the future, we're going to do the next generation
of oscillation experiments.
Well, what kind of materials do we use
in the neutrino oscillation experiments?
We use iron and water and these types of materials.
And it turns out water is used pretty commonly
in neutrino oscillation experiments, so we decided
to design and construct this object.
[music] So, the tank is full of water.
So, what that means is there's a whole lot of hydrogen atoms
and a whole lot of oxygen atoms.
So, when the neutrino enters into the water volume,
and one of them just happens to interact
with either the hydrogen or, more likely, the oxygen atom
because it's bigger than the hydrogen --
if you think of each nucleus as a set of billiard balls
where the oxygen would have, you know,
16 billiard balls all grouped together,
but you can't see the pool table.
There's a sheet blocking your view of the pool table.
But if somebody on the other side
of that sheet hits the cue ball -- our neutrino --
hard enough into the racked oxygen nucleus.
And you're standing on the other side, and you see, Aha!
The seven ball.
Aha! The four ball.
Then you can deduce what happened
on the other side of that sheet.
And that's basically what we're trying to do with this detector
by looking for what kind of particle comes out of
that neutrino billiard break.
[ Music ]
Brendan Casey: Now something that we really don't understand
at all is that neutrinos oscillate like crazy.
Quarks oscillate -- not as much as neutrinos,
but they still oscillate.
No one is yet to see a direct transition from a muon
into an electron or an electron into a muon.
So, that's one of the things that we want to find.
A muon is 200 times as heavy as an electron is.
And we have no idea why.
If you have a muon just transitioning straight
into an electron, this just violates so many laws of physics
that we have because the laws of physics have been built
up to say that this can't happen.
So, we want to reinvent the laws of physics.
And if we discover this process, it will force us
to reinvent those laws of physics.
[ Music ]
>> Craig Hogan: I think theorists are quite emotionally
attached to chalkboards.
There's often a question about whether you want
to use a chalkboard or a whiteboard.
And my answer to that one is: Chalkboard is better
because you can stand there holding your chalk
for a long time while you're thinking
about what you're going to do.
Possibly not saying anything but just standing there.
If you're holding a marker pen,
it dries out while you're standing there.
And chalk is ready to go when you're ready to go.
Solving the mystery of dark energy is a huge challenge
because we don't know what dark energy is.
[laughter] Dark energy not only pervades the galaxy,
it pervades all of empty space.
So, all the space between the galaxies is full of dark energy.
Dark energy is the energy that is in the vacuum,
in the emptiest space that you can make.
You could describe it as a new kind of energy
or you can describe it as a new kind of gravity.
I mean, we don't know which it is.
[music] So, we're starting by looking more carefully
at the expansion of the universe and trying
to see whether it affects the growth of structure
or has some other effects on those large scales.
Basically, by making more precision studies
of the universe as a whole seems to be the way to start.
[ Music ]
The dark energy camera is just like it sounds.
It's a camera, and we're going to use it to study dark energy.
And it's a very large camera.
It has half a billion pixels, and it's super precise.
And it's going to go on a large telescope.
It's going to go on a 4-meter telescope in Chile.
So, it'll see deeper and wider than anybody's ever seen before.
It will look very deep into space.
And over the course of a few years, we'll get pictures
of about a billion galaxies with it.
[ Music ]
>> Brenna Flaugher: This is the camera.
You can see it's not very lightweight
or easy to carry around.
This thing will be mounted on that thing,
which is called the "barrel."
The camera actually bolts to the top of it
where the hook is hanging right now.
And then that whole thing gets picked up and put into the cage
and mounts to the hexapod.
And then we take it all apart and ship it all to Chile.
And then we do it all again, but then it's on the real telescope.
So, this is our model of the telescope.
The rings that you see up on our telescope simulator match these
two rings that are at the top of the telescope.
This shows you how the whole thing ends up fitting together.
The CCDs in this are cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures,
and that makes them very, very low noise and very sensitive.
[music]
>> Craig Hogan: With the dark energy camera,
we can't actually take pictures of dark energy.
At least we don't think so.
It doesn't emit light.
It doesn't absorb light.
However, the dark energy has gravity,
and the gravity affects the motions of things.
It affects the motions of galaxies.
It affects the motions of light.
And the light we can see with the dark energy camera.
So, what we're looking for is very subtle effects on the light
of many, many galaxies.
And we think that these overall properties of the empty space
between galaxies will have enough of an effect
that we can tease out the effects of dark energy.
>>Brenna Flaugher: Now we know
that the visible stuff is only a few percent and dark matter is
about 20 to 25 percent.
The dark energy is 70 percent of what makes
up all the stuff in the universe.
They call it "dark energy" and "dark matter"
because you can't actually see it.
Nobody knows what it is, and there's lots
of people coming up with crazy ideas.
And so, we really need data, and this is going
to provide a big chunk of data to help us understand that.
[ Music ]
>> Craig Hogan: We think that dark matter is left
over from the early universe.
There's a lot of indirect evidence and arguments for that.
So, we think it's some new kind of stuff,
a new particle that's never been seen directly except
through these gravitational effects, and so you might ask:
Well, you can't see it, so how do you know it's there?
And the answer is: We only know it's there
because of its gravity.
If it weren't there, the galaxy would fly apart.
So, you have this indirect evidence that it has to be there
and there's a whole lot of it, but we want to look for it.
[ Music ]
>> Michael Cooke: It should never come back any higher
than it started at because
that would break conservation of energy.
Raise your hand if you think he's going
to lose his nose today?
[laughter] Oh, Dave, they're betting against you.
Here it goes.
Are you okay?
[laughter] Oh.
So, that's conservation of energy.
It can't come back with more than it left with.
Thank goodness.
[ Music ]
>> Craig Hogan: The bison are a symbol of the frontier.
Right? So, the American frontier, the untamed Wild West
that was part of Wilson's vision scientifically.
And the bison are just an instantiation of that
or an enduring symbol.
>> Deborah Harris: Robert Wilson actually designed this building,
the high-rise at Wilson Hall.
You know, he was inspired by a cathedral in France somewhere,
and so the idea is that in the cathedral you walk in and it's,
you know, broad at the bottom and then narrow up at the top.
That's what he was inspired by.
And it is a really beautiful building.
A huge number of countries send physicists to Fermilab
to do these experiments because it's one of very few places
in the world where they can be done.
And so, all of these flags represent all
of those different visitors who are here
at the lab doing experiments.
>> Aaron Soha: This is the Fermilab Remote
Operations Center.
So, this provides a place for scientists to participate
in the CMS experiment.
It's really exciting being involved on a project
of this scope with collaborators around the world.
You feel the global nature of this project every day
as you think about the time difference --
the seven-hour time difference.
>> Here in Batavia we're 40 miles outside of Chicago,
but we're 4,000 miles from the experiment location in Geneva.
And we can do -- a lot of the same things that are done
in that control room, we can do in this room.
One of the things people notice first when they walk
in is a 24-hour-a-day live video connection
between the different control room sites.
And so, this live video display lets us communicate
with our colleagues at the different remote
and central control rooms.
>> If you were to wave, will they wave back?
>> Hi. Can you hear us
in the Point 5 control room from Fermilab?
>> Yes.
>> Hi. So, yeah, sorry to interrupt.
If it's okay with you, can you step back a foot
or so and wave hello?
[laughter]
>> Okay.
>> There. Okay.
>> Hello!
>> Ah, hi.
There's a lot of people like myself who actually are working
on both experiments in Batavia and at the LHC.
So, right away you can tell we're pushing for both of them.
We'd like both of them to succeed and are excited
about developments at experiments at either site.
We're here monitoring the data on the front lines.
We see things as they come in.
And occasionally, we'll see an event that flashes
up on a screen that looks interesting.
Then we know we're going to have something interesting to look
at in our physics analysis.
It's important for Fermilab to continue working
on the Energy Frontier experiments
which are right now starting up at CERN
so that we maintain our involvement
in the forefront of this research.
[ Music ]
>> David Schmitz: Well, we're satisfied
with the structural integrity of the tank.
And now we put it on a truck.
Take it over to the NuMI near detector hall.
Lower it down a shaft 330 feet.
Take it down to the detector and hoist it up and slide it
into the small 11-inch gap that was left specifically for it
and then refill it with water, and we'll have our water target.
[ Music ]
These guys are going to very carefully bring it
down this shaft.
And drop it down into the slot that we've left for it.
[ Music ]
I can't believe how close that crossbeam is.
[ Music ]
>> John Voirin: You never know the problems you run into
but we're able to work it out.
And if Bob's happy, we're happy.
You happy?
>> Yeah.
>> Good.
>> Dan Ruggiero: I mean,
it should fit pretty well, so I think we got it.
>> David Schmitz: The gap here is about 11 inches
and you can see that the water tank is using about 9 of those.
And sure enough they got it in safe and sound and were able
to squeeze it in to its final resting spot.
The next step will be to fill it with water.
And start looking for neutrino interactions.
There I am right there.
Dave Schmitz.
Oh, and my mom was in town, so I signed for her.
[laughter]
[ Music ]
>> Brendan Casey: The most exciting time is
when you first turn on an accelerator.
It's like the first time you worked on your car.
You did something like change the transmission, yourself.
Now what happens the first time you turn that key?
>> Mary Convery: The first way you know a shutdown is a success
is you're able to turn back on again.
[laughter] You know, there's a huge number of people
in the control room the past couple days,
which is a clear sign that things are going
and everybody is excited
to get everything back up and running again.
>> Brendan Casey: So, it's looking good.
Everything's positive.
It's clear.
We didn't break anything.
>> Deborah Harris: It means data.
It means that we can sit back and watch the data roll in
and do the analysis, and so that's great.
In a way, it's a less hectic time
than during the shutdown because we just run.
We just take data.
Watch it come in.
Make sure everything looks good.
>> Mary Convery: So, things are starting to really come up now.
>> So, we hope to complete tuning
up the Main Injector today and that's sort of the gateway
to all the other machines.
So, now that we're able to get beam
through the Main Injector we can send beam
to all the other machines.
Probably by this weekend, we'll be back to regular operations.
>> Brendan Casey: So far it looks
like everything's very good.
It looks like it's going to be a very exciting turn-on period
and be a very exciting year of accelerator performance.
[ Music ]
>> Is it weird for a physicist to be in this work?
[laughter]
>> David Schmitz: No, not at all.
It seems just as often that I, you know,
mention that I play softball
or other sports while I'm at the lab.
You know, some turn their noses and other people are ready
to sign up and join you the next weekend.
[applause] I get, you know, universally the same response
from my friends and teammates
and whoever else I meet here in the city.
When they find out that that's where I work and that is: Oh.
Can visitors come there?
You know, can I come and see it?
Like, I've heard about it.
Those who were from the area might say: I went there
when I was in the seventh grade but, you know, not since.
Or: I've heard about it but never seen it.
And everyone pretty much across the board requests
to come out and visit.
And I always say: Any time.
Come out any time.
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>> Deborah Harris: I would really love it for science
to mean in this country the scientific method
and questioning everything and wanting proof of everything.
Unfortunately, in this country, I think science is this: Oh.
It's this really tough thing
that you have to be so smart to do.
And first of all, that's not true.
You know, it's really not true.
You have to work hard.
You have to be familiar and comfortable with math.
But, you know, you don't have to be a genius,
right, to be a scientist.
I could tell you.
You don't have to be a rocket scientist to be a scientist.
We need more people who understand science and logic
and are able to make educated guesses or to know
when they don't have enough information
to make educated guesses.
And I think we need those kinds of people in government.
We need these kind of people as doctors; as lawyers; as,
you know, judges; as politicians.
You know, we don't need them just all to be scientists.
>> Brendan Casey: When you're doing science
at these different frontiers, what you find is
that the technology just doesn't exist.
We need faster computers, better materials.
Stronger materials.
Lighter materials.
More flexible materials.
>> Craig Hogan: You meet those challenges
and then they propagate out into the rest of society
and raise everybody's standard of living.
>> Deborah Harris: I was in Greece this summer
for a conference on -- it was a whole conference all
on neutrinos.
And while I was there, I went to a store
that sold all these things made out of olive wood.
And apparently, olive wood -- olive trees take, like,
50 years to bear fruit.
And so, you don't even --
it's not even something you do for your children.
You don't plant an olive tree
because your kids are going to get the olives.
You do it because your grandchildren are going
to get the olives.
And to me, I think that's kind
of what we're doing in particle physics.
We're trying to understand the universe.
And, yeah, maybe somewhere
down the line our grandchildren will realize: Oh.
You can use this and build another World Wide Web;
or they'll understand what to make
of these measurements that we're doing now.
They'll figure out some theory
that it knits everything together and makes sense.
>> Herman White: The reason for doing this kind of work is
so that we can actually learn something new.
And we do that almost every day.
But Fermilab has the capability right now
of basically changing our whole view of the universe.
And quite frankly, if you do have the knowledge
to understand how the universe is put together,
you might actually solve some of the problems that we have.
I'm always fond of saying that the work
that I do solve problems that we don't know we have yet.
It may not actually solve the problem
that we can identify today, but 50 years
from now it might be exactly the piece of knowledge
that you have to help you survive.
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>> Brendan Casey: We have the facilities.
We have the ideas.
The sky is really the limit, and it's a very exciting time
to be a scientist here because you get to be a part
of the answer to the question of: What's next?
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