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it's all good stories of starts a long long time ago when there was basically
nothing
so here is a complete picture of the universe about forty not billion years
ago
all energy is concentrated into a single point of energy for some reason of
explodes and you begin to get these things
terrell about fourteen billion years old
and these things expand and extend and expand into these joint galaxies and get
trillions of them
and within these galaxies you get these enormous dot spots
i want you to pay particular attention to the three little krone's in the
center of this picture
to take a close-up of those that look like this
what you're looking at his poems of dust
where there's so much dust
by the way the scale of this is a trillium vertical miles
and what's happening is they're so much dulce pecans together and that fuses
that ignites a thermonuclear reaction
and so what you're watching as the birth of stars
is our stores being born out of here
when another stars
they create a galaxy
thus what happens to be a particularly important galaxy because you are here
and as you take a close-up of this galaxy you find any relatively normal
not politically interesting star
by the way you're now about two-thirds of the way into the story
sobha startles even up here
until about two thirds when the story
and then what happens is there's enough dulce leftover but it doesn't mean i
dint restorative becomes a planet
and this is about
well over four billion years ago
and soon thereafter the zone of material left over that media a primordial soup
and that creates life
and life starts experiment expanded experiment how it goes kaput
now the really strange thing as life goes couple not once
market place
but five times
so almost whole life
on earth is wiped out about five times
and as you thinking about that what happens is you get more and more complex
of the
more and more staff
to build new things with
we don't appear until about ninety nine point nine six
percent of the time into the story
ourselves and our ancestors in perspective
so within that context there's two theories of the case as to why were all
here
the first theory of the cases that's all she wrote
under that theory
we are the be all an end all of paul creation
and the reason for trillions of
galaxies sex torrents of planets
bicester create
something that looks like that
canceling it looks like that
and that's the purpose of the universe emanate flat winds of doesn't do any
better
the only question i want to ask yourself is
quebec features morally arrogant
benefit of those
and particularly given the fact that we came very close to extinction
thoroughly about two thousand of our species left
a few more weeks without rain we would have never seen any of these
family of complaint about secondary
if the first wasn't good enough
seconds areas could we operate
why would want to ask a question like that because there have been at least
twenty nine upgrade so far of human rights
so it turns out that we have operated we've operated time and again and again
and it turns out that we keep discovering upgrades
we found was home last year
we found another one last month
and there's something about those
you might also ask the question
so why a single human species
would be really all that he went
africa and asia
and an oregon found exactly the same bird
particular given what we coexistence of the same time with at least a dollar
versions of humanoid at the same time on this planet
saloon or more state of affairs as not to have just a *** sapiens removals
they were further assistance have various versions both humans walking
around
and if that is the normal sales theirs
than you might ask yourself parts of the one to create something else
how big tuzla mutation have to be
spongy pablo hills the answer
the difference between humans in the end result is point zero zero four percent
of chico
that's how big the differences one species to another
the six planes most contemporary political debates
but as you're thinking about this
well the interesting things is how small these mutations or in where they take
place
difference human and reform is berman trustees smell and skin and those are
the specific genes
that differ from one the other
so very small changes can have a big impact
and as you're thinking about this
were continuing to mutate
so about ten thousand years ago by the black sea
we have one mutation in one gene
which looked upon it
and this is continuing and continuing and continuing
and as it continues one of things it's going to happen this year is working to
discover
the first ten thousand human g_m_'s because it's gotten cheap enough to do
the gene sequence
when we find these
we may find differences
and by the way this is not a debate that we're ready for because we have really
misses the sciences
in the nineteen twenties we thought they were major differences between people
bubbles partly based on francis golden's work
he was darwin's cousin
what did you ask carnegie institute stanford or american urological
association purpose really farm
backup exported
and was really misses
infected what's on tap sleepover industry live human beings
so since the nineteen forties with them send their bar no differences we are all
identical
we're gonna know what year and if that is true
and as we think about that were actually beginning to find things like
do you have in the case cheap
why would that matter
because nobody's ever kleiman eight thousand meter v
without oxygen
that doesn't have a mystery
and if you want to get more specific
a lot of five suddenly someone party notified
well it turns out that every male olympic power athlete ever tested
carries at least one of these various
if that is true that leads to some very complicated questions from a woman
olympics
three options
do you want the olympics to be a showcase for a really hard working
middle east
option number two
why don't we play it like golf course sailing
because you have one and you don't have one or give you a temple second head
start
version number three because this is a naturally occurring gene and you've got
a and you didn't pick black parents
you've got the right to operate
three different options
if these differences
or the difference between all of the cattle
and the normal on the ground
and in terms of those we discover whistling is we human beings
really like to change how we look
how we can or all used to
and we have about ten point two million
plastic surgery united states except for with the technologies that are coming
online today
today's corrections deletions augmentation span enhancements
organising watch hell's point
you or tesol but were quite only apollo content
disability to start filling
things like inkjet cartridges and sales
allowing us to print
scam
organs
and a whole series of all their body parts
and pass these technologies go forward
you know you keep seeing as you keep saying that she keeps seeing things
two thousand
human genome sequence
and it seems like nothing's happening
until it does
and we may just be in some of these weeks
and as you're thinking about
you know beast you guys sequencing the human genome in two thousand in the
public projects sequencing
the human genome in two thousand
you don't hear a lot
to leave here bone experiment last year in china
where fatigue skin cells from the smiles
put for chemicals on a
turn the skin cells into stem cells
bottle stencils perot
and create peaceful copy of that much
that's a big deal
fills in essence what it means is you can take the cell which is a four e
potent stem cell
which is like this here at the top of a mountain
and those two skiers become too portal stencils four eight sixteen
and i get so crowded
after sixteen divisions
but those souls
after differentiates a legal dot once a little mildly go down another
and as they take that
these become bone among the taken on the road
means become but what's
and he's become our professionalism these become t_-cells but it's really
hard once uski down to get back up
unless of course
if you have
esculent
what those for chemicals to his they take any cell and take it that way back
up the mountain so it can become any body part
transit think about what it means is
potentially you can rebuild eighty-four copy of in the
organism
public any one of the t-cells
that turns out to be a big deal because now you can take largest muscles but you
can take
human skin cells
and turn them into human
stencils
and learn what they did in october
whilst they took
skin cells terminus themselves
and begin to turn the into liver cells
so in theory you could grow any or confirm any one of your cells
here's a second experiment
if you could photocopy your body
maybe you also want to take your mind and one of things you saw fit to talk
about a year and a half ago
wheels the sky
and he gave a wonderful technical talk is the proposal a mighty
but in essence what he saw that you can take retroviruses which get inside brain
cells of mice
you can't act mum
proteins that way dot when you'd like them
and you can map
the exact pathways mona mulles sees feels
touches
remembers
and then you can take a fiber-optic cable
and laid off
some of the same
and by the way as you do this you can images into colors which means you can
download this information as binary code
directly into a computer
so what's the bottom line on that
what's not completely inconceivable
but someday he'll be able to down load your own memories
maybe into a new body
and maybe you can upload other people's memories as well
and this might have just one or two small
ethical political moral implications
just a thought
here's the kind of questions were becoming interesting questions four
philosophers for governing people for
a column of sports like
as these technologies are moving really quickly
and as you think about it will be
close with an example of the brain
the first place where you would expect to see them normals evolutionary
pressure today
both because of the imports which are becoming massive and because of the
plasticity of the organ
do we have any evidence that that is happening
let's take a look at some point like autism incidents per thousand
here's what it looks like in two thousand
here's what it looks like in two thousand two
two thousand six
two thousand
here's the increases in less than a decade
and we still don't know why this is happening
what we do know is
potentially
the brain is react in a hyper reactive hyperplasia play
and creating individuals that are like this
and this is all we one of the conditions in south there you've also got
people who were extraordinarily smart people who can remember everything
they've seen the reliance people adults anesthesia people got schizophrenia
got all kinds of stuff going on out there and we still don't understand how
on why this is happening
one portion might wanna ask his part we sing a rapid evolution of the brain of
how we processed it
because when you think of how much deters coming into our brains
we're trying to take in as much of data
in a day as people use to taken away from
since he's thinking about their search for theories as to why this might be
going on possible series of older spike didn't have a good answer
there really needs to be more research on
one options of fast foods etc
there is beginning to be some evidence but will be city
and diana
have something to do
g modifications which may or may not have an impact
on how the brain even in some works
a second option is the sexy keep option
these conditions are
as well as alert very detail oriented tasks
but they are concentrating geographically and finding like minded
makes
so this is the a sort of meeting hypothesis
of these genes reinforcing one dollar
in these structures
the third isis too much information
we're trying to cross a so much stuff that some people gets an aesthetic and
just have huge pikes remember everything
other people get hypersensitive the amount of information on the people
react we have
various psychological conditions on reactions this information
or maybe it's chemicals
but when you see any increase of that order of magnitude and a condition
either you're not measuring outright or there something going on
very quickly
and it may be evolution in real time
here's the bottom line
what i think we're doing as we're transitioning as a species and i didn't
think this one steve go until i started writing together
i think we're transitioning into home of a little slip for better or worse
is not just
hominid thus conscious of his or her environment
it's a home in pittsburgh ending to directly and deliberately
control the evolution ovitz booms species
of bacteria
of plants of animals and i think that such from order of magnitude change
your grandkids for your great grandkids
maybe a species very different from you
thank you very much