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today we're gonna talk about the axial skeleton
which is chapter seven. In chapter eight we'll talk about the appendicular
skeleton
chapter seven deals with the bones that protect organs in the dorsal
body cavity
as well as in the ventral body cavities
the axial skeleton is made up of the skull
the thoracic cage which is the ribs
the vertebral column or the spine
the sacrum
and the coccyx
these phones help to support and protect organs in the dorsal and ventral body
cavities
these bones also have attachment sites for muscles that move the head the
neck and the trunk
the skull is a complicated
structure
that contains many bones
the large bones of the skull are cranial bones and the cranium has eight
bones
the smaller bones of the skull are the facial bones and there are fourteen
of those facial bones
there are also seven associated bones
in the skull
first we'll go over the eight cranial bones
this is a posterior view of the cranium
and one bone
that we see is the occipital bone. it sits on the back of the head
there's a protrusion off the occipital bone called the occipital condyle
this is the bump that you feel on the back of your head
on the top of your head we have a pair of bones the parietal bones there's one on
the left
and there's one on the right
from a superior view we can see the occipital bone again just a little bit
of it
we can also see the parietal bones, the larger superior portion of them
and we can also see a bone on the anterior part of the skull that's called
the frontal bone
so your forehead
is part of the frontal bone
on a lateral view we can see these bones again here's the occipital bone
here's the parietal bone
here's the frontal boundary helps to make up your forehead and part of your
eye sockets and then here we have to tempo bone
and the temple bar
houses the opening for your year
we also see
two other bonds
we see a portion of the city nine bone
and we also see a portion of the athlete on these are the two other bonds of the
cranium
here's an interior view of the skull
below the front of owner
preconceived this bone at the back of the eyes orbits
and that is also these denied bond so where we signed the lateral side was in
the temporal area
but his family going sends all the way across inside the cranium
t opposite sides of there's one phone
parts of its where it's exposed to the outside
from this deal we can also see the f my tone
again we can c_d_f_ might buy inside the tight orbit just a little bit of it it
is just one bomb and the rest of this bond we conceived through the nasal
cavity so there is a long plates
reaching down to divide the
uh... kneazle cavity into any right and left side
and that is called
the perpendicular plate
of the f_ morning
and we can also see these pictures chins up to the bone on either side the right
now let's and those are called concha
there are several structures that we have to no one easy cranial bones but
before we get to those leads
just go back over the eight cranial bones
let's count
to cranial bones that we have this one accident bone
used to pride of arms
is one frontal bone
once denied on
one dash mike von
and to temp robards
that gives us the total of date cranial bones
let's start by looking at the temporal bone again this is the bonus found on
the side of your head
and we know that the here
opening is house there
opening to the here is called the external interested me a tus
so that is found to be in the temple bar
another structure that's found in the temple bonuses a large projection
just post carrier to that external acoustic natives and that is called the
master lead on thus a large bump that you can feel behind your here
and other structure that we find out that terrible phone is the style a
process
the styling process is a small projection coming off
of the
temporal bone
it's found between them and about
or the lower job and the mastery process
he's very tender if you push on it
their arm muscles a detached from the stanley process into the throat area
now look at the end point on again
there are two structures you need to know and he actually bones
again we're seeing the f mowing down it's this green bone that we can see
inside the nasal passage way
and we can also see part of it in the eye orbit
in the nasal passage way the long plate
that extends down into the nasal cavity and divides that native nasal cavity
into here right
and the left side is called the
perpendicular played the actually
now doesn't extend all the way down as we're seeing here
does articulate their within other bone called the former bone
and perpendicular plates of the athlete in the former bond together art called
the bonnie nasal septal
another structure that the
as mike von creates r_d_ middle nasal kanaka
these contactor projections are for the f might bark
into each of the nasal cavities
there are three nasal concha
there's a superior email and an inferior nasal content
the memories of content that we're seeing right here is actually part of
the athlete pro on the rights and the like
now if we look at the scene i dont we can see this denied on in the temporal
area
now we can also see the subpoenaing phone at the back to the i'd work day
when the structures that we need to know back in the eye toward it is the haptic
now
his optics analysis opening
we're the after dinner
penetrates through
it's coming from the brain penetrates through that have to canal and into the
back of the i and it carries with it sensations
of site
here's a different view that we haven't seen yet
and so i just want to show you this
it is a central section cut through this goal so we're looking at the right side
of this call on the inside
and here is that at some point on again
we can see that part of it projects up into the cranium
something to wear the brain area is
and then there is the cleats here which is called the crystal gali
and below that plea then we see
another part of the f_ morede it's called the perpendicular plates of the
asteroid
in this field
we're looking at city superior view after the cacld miriam
or the captain of the cranium has been cut off
sori looking down into this call
when we're looking down first we see this large bone here
which is the scene a light brown
to me it looks kinda like a of that
in the center of the sea knight donna we see this structure called the seller
tears again
senators ca is actually an indentation
tennis slopes down
inside that senator suggests it's the pituitary glands
we can also see the freemen mayhem
so the whole brain sits up here inside the skull
extending down from the brain is eight brainstem and ready when the brain stem
gets through the frame in a carousel called his spinal cord
we also see party at my town
p_f_ mind on him as the krista gali
and the cripple form plate
the crystal galley is the extension
dividing the rate in the left kripa form please
next i want to talk about how the
a treaty of arms fused together
when we look at the cranial bounds we see that they come together in an area
where this really jig g_a_t_t_ area
those are called sutures so we see a suture here in between the priority
acceptable bone we see a suture date is extending around the temporal bone
we see a suit your that he is between the pride of ownership telephone the
lambda light suture is the suture between the accidental bone and speak a
rattled on to kerala lawsuit shirt like a crown
is the one between the frontal bone and the pride of arms
this is a superior view of this colin here we see another suture
is called the saddle suture
any divides
the left parietal bone from the right profound we also get a clear view of the
krummel suture sulekha crown fits on top of your head
between the frontal down and the pride of our
now these sutures
are not fairer at birth at birth the cranial bones are connected by areas of
fibrous connective tissue
patkar the cranial bones are connected by a areas of fibrous connective tissue
these connections are flexible and the skullcandy distorted without damage
so when the baby is
going through the breeding process prado bona frontal bone may overlap slightly
and after coming through the birth canal will then be able to go back to their
original position
when we look at this we see that's there's a space then between the bond so
here we see that krunal suture
and we see it's creating a space between the frontal and uh... parietal bones
here on the side we see this way miss
suture
which is again wider between the pride of bones and the temporal bone and we
also see the lambda researcher between the pride of owning and the accident
upon
where these singers come together
they form a larger area of fibrous tissue that are called five ten hours we
need to know where those structures are where the krunal suture meets the
squeamish suture we have the scene a little fonteneaux
where the squeamish suture meets the lambda legal suture we have the man
story continental
on this superior view
we see where the corona suture
meets up with a satchel suture in this large front announce it's called the
interior fonteneaux i'd bet you can guess what another name for this
anterior front in alice is the soft spot
the interior fonteneaux will close when the child is about two years of age
prior to that remains open and so you have to be careful about sharp objects
in this area
the other fun canals may close up within a month after birth
and other fun to know that we see on this picture is called the accidental
finding out
it's where the sagittal suture meets up with that lambda legal suture
that's the end of the section on the cranial bonus and will continue in the
next section talking about the facial bones
there are fourteen different facial bones that we need to learn
the maxillary bones
the palatine bones nasal bones inferior nasal cuenca
cytometric times
alacra bones though homeroom and the mandible
the superficial
facial bones include the maxillary bone which is the upper jaw bone
the lack of a bone which we see
inside the eye orbits an insect alacra bonuses opening word tears flowed down
through in into the nasal cavity
the nasal bone which makes up the bony portion of your nose
decide on attic bone which is your cheekbone
and the mandible which is the lower jaw bone
we see the same bones uh... interior view
he wrote an excellent on this
here's the mandible
here we see in these up on this
here's the insider americana bc it is a dramatic found also makes a part of this
orbit which the ice it's which is called the bony orbit
and here's the electrical upon
inside the orbit didi patient bones are the palatine bone the inferior nasal
campaign andy palmer on this picture we can see the inferior nasal concha
the bomber is the inferior aspect of the phony kneazle september
there are three deep facial bones the palette and on the inferior nasal conde
and the former
we can only see two of these we can see the inferior nasal concave they are it
bone on their own where the metal ones were part of the f_-twenty bone the
inferior ones are their own involved we can also see the former the bomber is
the inferior aspect of the bonnie nasal sat down
so here we see a great hearing him say the nasal cavity
is executing
with the longer perpendicular plane the went on
permanent phiri review of the
style weekend cv max a legend in the metro again the story job on
so we can see it here outside the tee time we also see it here inside the
teeth and we see that's making up a large part of that hard palate
inside your mouth if we were great behind that just post here you're too
that we see this yellow bone here which is called
palatine phone itself
pellets rained on his own its own bone and makes up the
post here aspect
of the hard palate
and slash show you some of the sinuses the sinuses are skull bones with the
airfield chambers here we can see the frontal sinus
it's located in the front of my own
we can also see the the right thing and it's a mess
which is found to be in the c nine phone
the sinuses have two major functions
one is to make the phone later
so it's not so heavy the second thing is that he is
wind writing mucous membranes
and mucus
secretion is produced
which will help clean the air
as it passes by nasal cavity had its way to the lines
there are some other important structures that i want to show you that
are not on your lap list
we can see all of these
openings which are called for rainman
so we see the for remember a time them here
on each side deferring my whole family
and each side deferring and spain or some
any side
cranial nerves that are extending off of the brain that's why they're called
cranial nerves will leave the brain and exit
through these openings
to go down into the rest of the body