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shortly after the fall of Thakuri dynasty the Malla dynasty came into
effect
this period of Nepal's history started with the rule of Malla in
twelfth century who slowly started to build an empire
the Malla line was off Newari dissent
and the dynasty was able to rule Nepal between the twelfth century and the
seventeenth century
the period was characterized
mainly by growth and development
as many Malla king's took it upon themselves to develop new systems
to establish great cities and to institute new methods of government
the Malla came to Nepal from india
they had their kingdoms in india
they were afraid of the growing power of Ajestshru
so the kings fled towards the himalayas
The Mallas founded their states in the hills
when the Thakuris became weak in the Kathmandu valley
the Malla as power grew
it is said that
Aridev Malla
was the first historical Malla king
of the kathmandu valley
the term Malla
meaning wrestlers in sanskrit
indicate a person of great strength and power
this long Malla
period witness the continued importance of the kathmandu valley is a political
cultural
and economic center of Nepal
other areas also began to emerge as significant centers in their own right
increasingly connected to the kathmandu valley
during the reign of Jayabhimdev Malla
the fifth Malla
ruler in twelve sixty
80 artisans were sent to tibet among them was Arniko
Arniko
was the only person from this early Malla era whose biography is known
to us in some detail
he was one of the key figures in the arts of Nepal
Tibet
and yun china
he was born in kathmandu valley
during the reign of a Abhaya Malla
during the reign of Jayabhim Dev Malla
he was sent on the project to build a golden stupa in tibet
where he also initiated into a monkhood
it was during the Malla dynasty that the kingdom now known as Nepal truly
became a great empire
during this dynasty the foundations for the great city of Kantipur
which later became kathmandu
were laid
over the course of five centuries only certain Malla kings are credited with
major achievements during the Malla reign
the first and foremost was probably Jayasthiti Malla who had both the positive and
the negative effect on his fellow countrymen even though his raign was
relatively short
Jayasthiti Malla
with whom commences the later Malla dynasty of the kathmandu valley
began to raign at the end of the fourteenth century
at that time the condition of the country was very bad
there was political disturbance in the palace
the country was economically weak
there was social disorder
a competent and resolute ruler was necessary
Jayasthiti Malla made reforms
he reorganized the caste system by assigning each cast its own occupation
dress and manners
he made temples
he was a lover of literature
he encouraged sanskrit and Newari languages
he wrote poems and dramas
he brought economic reforms
land was diverted into four classes according to the production of crops
he introduced measuring units called "mana"
"pathi" "pau"
and "dharni" which is still in use he introduced the system of imposing fines
on criminals
Jayasthiti Malla was a great reformist
he was an expert politician
he brought political stability in the country
there was peace and prosperity in the country
he died in thirteen ninety five
the Malla dynasty of Nepal started to fall into a decline shortly after the
last major king the Yakshaya Malla died
Yakshya Malla ruled over kathmandu valley during the end of the fifteenth
century
but was unable to carry on tradition by handing his crown to only one son
instead he divided his kingdom between his three sons
probably in an effort to avoid conflict
the three valley kingdoms became known as kathmandu
Bhaktapur and Patan
off to the death of Yakshya Malla in fourteen eighty two
the kathmandu valley was divided up among his sons into three kingdoms of
Bhaktapur
Kathmandu and Patan
the rest of what we today called Nepal consisted of a fragmented patchwork of
almost fifteen independent states
stretching from Palpa and Jumla in the west of the semi independent
states of Banepa and Farping
most of them minting their own coins and maintaining standing armies this
division led the Malla rulers into clashes and walls for territorial and
commercial games
after one thousand four hundred and eighty two
a crucial data nepalese history
the kingdom became divided
Ratna Malla was the first to rebel against this system of joint rule
ceasing katmandu in fourteen eighty four and ruling there alone until his death in
fifteen twenty
Raya Malla
the eldest brother ruled Bhaktapur with the other brothers until his death
when the crown was passed into the hands of his descendents
banepa broke away under Rama Malla until its incorporation into the Bhaktapur
in sixteen forty nine
Shivasimha Malla a descendant of Ratna Malla
conquered Patan in fifteen ninety seven and united it with Kathmandu
on his death
however
katmandu and Patan were given two different grandsons and again separated
the center of Nepal thus remained split into three competing kingdoms
roughly based on Bhaktapur
kathmandu
and patan
the influence of these petty kingdoms outside the valley varied over time
bhaktapur extended its feeble power as far as the Doodkosi in the east
katmandu controlled areas to the north and as far west as Nuwakot
and
Patan included territories to the south as far as Makwanpur
the period of three kingdoms lasted until the mid eighteenth century
the complete flowering of the unique culture of the kathmandu valley occurred
during this period
and it was also during this time that the old palace complexes in the three
main towns achieved much of their present today forms
Newarit was in a regular use as a literary language by the fourteenth
century and was the main language in urban areas and trading circles
based in the kathmandu valley
in the west
the language of the "Khas"
was slowly expanding
only later to evolve into present-day nepali language
by the seventeenth century
the mountain areas to the north of the valley and the Kirati reasons to the
east were the only areas that maintained traditional tribal communist systems
influenced to various degrees by hindu ideas and practices
in the west and the south of the three kingdoms there were many petty states
ruled by dynasties of warrior
in the near west
around Narayeni river
there was a loose confederation of principalities called the Chaubese Rajya
including Makwanpur and Palpa
in the far west
around the Karnali river there was a separate confederation called the Bayese
headed by the Raja of Jumla
the considerations were in constant conflict
and their member states will constantly quarreling with each other
the kingdoms of kathmandu
patan and bhaktapur periodically allied themselves with princes among
these considerations
the rivalry between the three kingdoms of the kathmandu valley found its
expression not only in warfare but also in the arts and culture
the outstanding collections of exquisite temples and building in each citys
Durbar square are testament to the huge amounts of money spent by rulers
desperate to out do each other
the building boom was financed by trade
in everything from musk and wool to salt
chinese silk and even yak tales
listed here are some popular kings in Malla period
after the demise of grandfather Shivashinga Malla
laxmi narsing Malla acceded to the throne of kantipur in fifteen
eighty five AD
it is believed that he constructed Kastamandap Temple from a single "Sal"
tree
patan had no good relation with kathmandu
Siddhi Narashingha Malla forced katmandu to conclude a treaty with Patan
of all the Malla kings of Patan Siddhi Narsingha Malla was
the greatest
he was a virtuous
wise and kind hearted man
he built many water spouts
inns
ponds
temples and monasteries
he build the famous krishna temple of patan
it is a masterpiece of art
Jagat Jyotir Malla was a poet
dramatist and musician
he wrote drama named "Khunjbihari" and played on stage
he started the festival called "Bisket Jatra" in new year
Pratap Malla was influenced by religion
music and the art of welfare
he was a hindu
but accepted other religions too
he reconstructed the buddhist shrine of shwyambonath he built
krishna temple the temples of Talezu Ranipokhari as well as Guheshwori
temple
he constructed the HanumanDhoka palace and the majority of the buildings
around Durbar square during his reign
he introduced Seto Machindranath Jatra and
the octagonal krishna a temple was built in sixteen forty eight forty nine
by Pratap Malla as a response to rival Siddhi Narshing Malla's krishna temple in
patan
across from the krishna temple
standing on a slightly raised platform in front of the HanumanDhoka is
the square stone pillar
known as the pratap Devaja
it is topped by a statue of king pratap malla
seated with folded hands and surrounded by his two wives and his five sons
he looks towards his private prayer room on the third floor of Degutalezu
temple
the column was erected in sixteen seventy by pratap malla
Kal Bhairab
is said to have been brought to its present location by pratap malla
having been found in the fields to the north of the city
he started the festival of *** Jatra
Pratap Malla also placed a large Vajra placed in front of the stupa
and he also added to white shikhar temples
known as Anantapur to the southeast and Pratapur to the northeast
which were built in sixteen forty six
apart from these religious influences he is considered as the most powerful
rulers of the malla dynasty
he often fought with Lalitpur and Bhaktapur to annex it to his kingdom but
could not succeed
his main aim was to annex Lalitpur to kathmandu but his aim was
not fulfilled as the king of lalitpur had the king of gorkha on his side
in sixteen thirty four AD
when Siddhi Narshigha Malla
the king of patan
was engaged in performing Koti Hom
pratap malla seeing an opportunity
made a surprise attack on patan and conquered some of the places important
from the strategic point of view
Jaya Prakash Malla was the last king of kantipur
during his rule
kantipur was attacked by gorkha
he tried to save the vally from the assault of gorkha by calling for unity
among the three states around kantipur but could not succeeded
calling army from the east india company was also not fruitful and ultimately the
war was lost to gorkha
fighting within his family was also partly to blame
another king from the malla period whose ranjit malla who was the last
king of bhaktapur
as a lover of rare and precious things he added many courtyards at his palace
and to improve economic conditions in his kingdom
he imported silver and exported it is as coins
Indra jatra and Kumari jatra
the chariot festival of Kumari started in seventeen fifty six AD during the
reign of Jaya prakash Malla
Bhupendra Malla
the king of bhaktapur was a religious person and an art lover
his structural reforms were fifty-five windowed palace or "Phachpanne jhyale Durbar"
Bhupendra Malla also built a five-story temple called Nyatapol
on the steps of the temple there are images of wrestlers
elephants and lions
inside the temple is set up Siddi laxmi
the Goddess of tantras
he also wrote seventeen dramas
mallas rules katmandu until prithvi narayan shah
of the gorkha kingdom invaded it in seventeen sixty eight sixty nine AD
with the battle of Kritipur
the last malla king was Jaya prakash
of kantipur Tej Narsinghs
of patan and Ranajit
of bhaktapur
this ends the presentation of mid era
history of Nepal
after Malla period begins the modern era of Nepals history
thank you for watching