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Bonnin: WHAT IF WE TOLD YOU THAT THIS VOLCANO
COULD DRAMATICALLY AFFECT OUR MODERN WAY OF LIFE,
OBLITERATING CITIES,
WIPING OUT THE WORLD'S FOOD SUPPLY,
AND RETURNING US TO THE DARK AGES?
Bonnin: TO SHOW HOW A VOLCANO HAS A POTENTIAL
TO DEVASTATE A PLANET
AND BRING LIFE AS WE KNOW IT TO AN END,
WE'VE COME TO INDONESIA.
Pepper: THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST VOLCANICALLY ACTIVE PLACES
ON EARTH.
IN FACT, RIGHT OVER THERE IS A LIVE VOLCANO.
I'M GEOLOGIST MARTIN PEPPER.
AND I'M BIOLOGIST LIZ BONNIN.
TOGETHER, WE'RE ON A MISSION
TO SEE HOW A VOLCANO CAN BRING CIVILIZATION TO ITS KNEES.
LOOK AT THAT PURE SULFUR.
IT'S DONE IT BEFORE,
AND WE'RE HERE TO SEE IF IT COULD DO IT AGAIN.
Bonnin: COULD THIS VOLCANO RETURN THE PLANET TO THE DARK AGES?
-- Captions by VITAC -- www.vitac.com
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
Bonnin: THIS IS THE LOCATION OF ONE OF THE MOST VIOLENT
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS EVER TO BE RECORDED,
THE EXACT SPOT WHERE KRAKATAU ONCE STOOD.
THIS ENTIRE STRETCH OF SEA
WAS ONCE A 2,600-FOOT-HIGH VOLCANO...
...UNTIL THE VOLCANO ERUPTED AND BLEW ITSELF OUT OF EXISTENCE.
THE CATACLYSMIC ERUPTION IN 1883
WAS PART OF A DEADLY CYCLE OF VIOLENT VOLCANIC EVENTS
IN THIS VERY PLACE.
Pepper: THROUGHOUT HISTORY, THE KRAKATAU VOLCANO HAS RISEN
AND THEN DETONATED OVER AND OVER AGAIN,
AND A NEW VOLCANO IS RISING FROM THE SEA ONCE MORE.
IT'S CALLED ANAK KRAKATAU,
WHICH IS INDONESIAN FOR "THE CHILD OF KRAKATAU."
SCIENTISTS PREDICT THAT THIS CHILD
IS DESTINED TO FOLLOW IN THE FAMILY TRADITION.
WHEN IT GROWS UP, THIS VOLCANO WILL ERUPT, TOO.
WILL IT BRING DESTRUCTION TO THE PLANET,
JUST AS ITS ANCESTORS DID BEFORE IT?
Bonnin: TO FIND OUT, WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND WHY
THIS PLACE PRODUCES ONE MONSTER VOLCANO AFTER ANOTHER,
SO WE'RE HEADING TO ONE OF THE FEW SHARDS OF LAND
THAT SURVIVED THE INFAMOUS ERUPTION OF 1883.
SO, WE'RE ON THE ISLAND OF RAKATA,
THE ONLY BIT OF LAND THAT REMAINS
OF THE 1883 KRAKATAU ERUPTION,
AND IT'S HERE THAT WE CAN FIND EVIDENCE OF LAVA FLOW,
WHICH CAN TELL US A LOT MORE
ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE ERUPTION.
WHEN KRAKATAU EXPLODED, IT WIPED THIS ISLAND CLEAN...
...BUT NOW THE VEGETATION IS SO DENSE,
WE'VE GOT TO FIGHT OUR WAY THROUGH IT.
THIS PLACE WOULD HAVE BEEN JUST A BARREN LANDSCAPE,
THE CHARRED REMAINS OF A VIOLENT VOLCANIC ERUPTION,
BUT VOLCANIC SOIL IS INCREDIBLY FERTILE,
AND ALL THIS VEGETATION CAN UTILIZE IT.
ANIMALS RETURN, TOO.
SOME TRAVEL TO THE ISLAND ON FLOATING VOLCANIC DEBRIS.
OTHERS SWAM OR ARRIVED WITH HUMANS.
BUT WE HAVEN'T COME HERE TO SEE THE WILDLIFE.
WELL, HERE, WE CAN SEE THE BEGINNINGS OF THE LAVA FLOW.
IT'S BECOMING A LOT MORE ROCKY. THAT'S FOR SURE.
DEEP IN THE CENTER OF THE ISLAND,
WE COME TO A BREAK IN THE FOREST.
GEEZ, IT'S LIKE A HUGE WALL.
WOW.
Pepper: THE KRAKATAU ERUPTION 130 YEARS AGO
SPEWED OUT A TORRENT OF VOLCANIC ROCK AND ASH.
WE'RE LOOKING AT THE EDGE OF ONE OF THOSE RIVERS.
THAT'S IMPRESSIVE.
YOU CAN SEE THE WHOLE SERIES OF THE EXPLOSION HERE.
YOU GOT THE LAVA BURNING EVERYTHING HERE,
AND THEN WHAT HAPPENS?
YOU'VE GOT THIS CATACLYSMIC EXPLOSION.
IT COATED THE RAINFOREST.
IT BURNT IT ALL, SO WE GOT OUR CHARCOAL,
BUT THEN AFTER ALL THESE LARGE ROCKS FELL,
YOU THEN GET SMALLER GRAVEL,
AND THEN, AFTER THAT, ALL THE DUST SETTLES,
AND THAT'S ALL THE LAYERS ABOVE IT.
THIS IS ABSOLUTELY INCREDIBLE.
THIS IS AS CLOSE AS YOU CAN GET TO THE 1883 ERUPTION.
THIS TELLS ITS ENTIRE STORY.
BURIED WITHIN THE FLOW
ARE LUMPS OF SOLIDIFIED, FROTHY LAVA CALLED PUMICE,
AND THESE CONTAIN A CLUE TO KRAKATAU'S AWESOME POWER.
LET ME GET MY HAMMER. WHERE'S A GOOD SIZE ONE?
IF YOU JUST PULL OUT ONE OF THESE LITTLE PEBBLES HERE,
AND YOU JUST FEEL HOW LIGHT THAT IS RIGHT THERE.
[ LAUGHS ]
THAT IS SURPRISINGLY LIGHT. THAT'S INCREDIBLE.
WELL, HERE. LET ME SPLIT IT OPEN.
YEAH.
THERE WE GO.
SO, WE CAN SEE ALL THOSE LITTLE VESICLES, OR BUBBLES.
IT'S ALMOST LIKE MERINGUE.
AND IT'S LIKE THE STICKINESS OF MERINGUE, AS WELL.
THE PUMICE IS RIDDLED WITH HOLES FORMED BY BUBBLES OF GAS,
AND THE MORE GAS THERE IS INSIDE THE MAGMA,
THE MORE EXPLOSIVE IT IS.
IT'S JUST LIKE OPENING A SODA-POP BOTTLE.
THE GASES JUST COME SHOOTING OUT,
AND ONCE THOSE GASES START COMING OUT,
IT RISES QUICKER AND QUICKER,
AND ALL THE VOLATILE STUFF IS RISING TO THE TOP.
IT'S KIND OF THE MOST PERFECT SITUATION YOU COULD HAVE
FOR AN EXPLOSIVE VOLCANO RIGHT THERE.
AS SOON AS IT GETS TO THE SURFACE,
THERE'S NOTHING KEEPING IT IN, AND BOOM!
WE HAVE THIS.
LEADING UP TO 1883,
THICK, STICKY LAVA NEAR THE SURFACE HAD SOLIDIFIED,
FORMING A PLUG, CHOKING THE KRAKATAU VOLCANO.
BENEATH IT, IMMENSE PRESSURE BEGAN TO BUILD.
SOMETHING HAD TO GIVE.
TO RE-CREATE AN ERUPTION,
I'VE MADE A LITTLE VOLCANO IN A BOTTLE.
AND SO, HERE, WE HAVE A PLUG THAT CAPS THE VOLCANO
TO ALLOW THE PRESSURE TO BUILD,
AND OUR MAGMA AT THE BOTTOM.
THESE GASES ARE JUST GONNA BE BOILING OUT OF THIS MAGMA,
INCREASING THE PRESSURE IN THIS CLOSED SYSTEM.
NOW ALL WE NEED IS JUST A LITTLE BIT OF HEAT.
OKAY, SO, I'M GONNA LIGHT OUR FLAME
AND GET OUR MAGMA BOILING.
THE FLAME RE-CREATES THE POWERFUL HEAT
FROM FRESH MAGMA ENTERING THE CHAMBER.
PUT IT ON AND RUN.
THE STOPPER'S LIKE THE HARD AND STICKY LAVA PLUG
CAPPING KRAKATAU.
YOU CAN SEE RIGHT NOW THE VERY FIRST VAPORS
STARTING TO FORM INSIDE THE FLASK.
AS SOON AS ANY BUBBLES ARE SEEN,
I'D BE SURPRISED IF IT DIDN'T BLOW THEN.
LIKE THE GAS-RICH LAVA INSIDE KRAKATAU,
WHEN IT'S HEATED, THE WATER STARTS TO RELEASE BUBBLES.
EVEN ON A SMALL SCALE,
THE BUILDING PRESSURE IS EXTREMELY DANGEROUS.
WE CAN ONLY RECORD IT USING REMOTE CAMERAS.
[ Laughing ] WHOA!
KRAKATAU.
[ SIGHS ]
BUT THERE YOU HAVE IT.
JUST LIKE THE REAL KRAKATAU, IT BLEW ITSELF OUT OF WATER.
IT 1883, THIS REGION'S GASSY MAGMA
CREATED THE LOUDEST *** IN RECORDED HISTORY,
HEARD OVER 2,400 MILES AWAY IN AUSTRALIA.
THE EXPLOSION BLEW THE ISLAND OF KRAKATAU TO PIECES.
Bonnin: BUT THERE ARE TALES OF A BIGGER, DEADLIER ERUPTION
IN THE VERY SAME SPOT LONG AGO.
THE APOCALYPSE IS BELIEVED TO HAVE STRUCK
IN THE YEAR 535 A.D.,
AN ANCIENT ERUPTION OF KRAKATAU.
Bonnin: THERE'S THIS ALMOST MYTHICAL ERUPTION
THAT HAPPENED IN 535, RIGHT?
YEAH. WE KNOW THAT SOMETHING DEFINITELY HAPPENED AROUND 535.
IT WASN'T A METEOR OR AN ASTEROID.
THERE'S NO EVIDENCE OF SOMETHING THAT BIG,
AND SO EVERYTHING POINTS TO A VOLCANO.
IT WAS WORLDWIDE, SO IT HAS TO BE SOMEPLACE EQUATORIAL.
NORTH AND SOUTH.
THE ONLY WAY YOU CAN DO THAT
IS RIGHT AT THE MIDDLE OF THE EARTH,
SO ALL FINGERS ARE POINTING RIGHT HERE, WHERE WE'RE CAMPED.
Pepper: HISTORIANS BELIEVE
THAT ANCIENT JAVANESE TEXTS CONFIRMS THE THEORY.
ACCORDING TO THE BOOK OF KINGS --
IT WAS WRITTEN SHORTLY AFTERWARDS --
THERE USED TO BE ONE CONTINUOUS ISLAND,
AND THE ERUPTION BLEW APART SUMATRA AND JAVA.
Bonnin: IT'S BEEN SUGGESTED THAT THE ERUPTION WAS RESPONSIBLE
FOR ONE OF THE BLEAKEST PERIODS IN HISTORY --
THE DARK AGES.
FAMINE AND PLAGUE SWEPT THE GLOBE.
MILLIONS PERISHED.
A SINGLE CATACLYSMIC EVENT
THAT COULD HAVE TRIGGERED A WORLDWIDE CATASTROPHE.
COULD IT HAPPEN AGAIN?
TO SHOW HOW AN ERUPTION CAN CHANGE THE ENTIRE WORLD
AND LIFE AS WE KNOW IT,
I'M IN EAST JAVA, TRAVELING TO THE VOLCANO KAWAH IJEN.
HUGE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
CAN BLAST DUST UP INTO THE ATMOSPHERE,
AND WITHIN THAT --
REALLY FINE ASH THAT CAN STAY ALOFT FOR MANY YEARS.
VIEW A VOLCANIC ERUPTION FROM SPACE,
AND YOU CAN SEE HOW DUST AND ASH
SPREAD OUT THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE.
THIS RECENT ERUPTION IN RUSSIA IS TINY
COMPARED TO KRAKATAU IN 535.
THIS ANCIENT EXPLOSION RIPPED A HOLE IN THE GROUND
50 MILES WIDE.
THE 535 ERUPTION EJECTED UP TO A TRILLION TONS OF MATERIAL.
IT'S SOMETHING THAT WILL AFFECT THE ENTIRE GLOBE,
EVERY CORNER OF THE EARTH.
ASH AND DUST SPREAD ACROSS
THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN HEMISPHERES,
BLOCKING OUT THE SUN.
IT'S BEEN MODELED WITH COMPUTERS
THAT THE ERUPTION MUST HAVE BLANKETED THE ENTIRE EARTH
IN A CLOUD OF ASH ABOUT 300 FEET THICK.
AND IF THAT WASN'T ENOUGH,
THE ERUPTION ALSO THREW OUT SOMETHING ELSE --
AN INVISIBLE COMPONENT THAT PLUNGED MANKIND
INTO NEARLY A DECADE OF SUFFERING.
AND THAT'S WHY WE'RE HEADING UP THIS VOLCANO.
THE KAWAH IJEN VOLCANO WAS 500 MILES EAST FROM KRAKATAU
IN A REMOTE PART OF INDONESIA.
MINERS WORK THE SITE, COLLECTING SULFUR,
WHICH IS USED TO MAKE GUNPOWDER AND FERTILIZER.
[ SINGING IN NATIVE LANGUAGE ]
[ IMITATES SINGING ]
CURRENTLY CLIMBING THE TRAIL TO THE KAWAH IJEN SULFUR MINE,
BEING SERENADED BY THE LOCAL SULFUR MINER/SHERPAS.
[ SINGING IN NATIVE LANGUAGE ]
I WISH I KNEW WHAT THEY WERE SAYING.
[ SINGING IN NATIVE LANGUAGE ]
I THINK HE'S JUST HAPPY THAT I'M CARRYING HIS BASKETS.
[ BREATHING HEAVILY ]
HERE COMES SOMEBODY WITH A FULL BASKET,
WHICH I'M FEARING I'M GONNA DO NEXT.
WOW.
THE ONLY WAY TO GET SULFUR OUT OF THE MINE IS BY HAND,
AND THESE LOADS ARE HEAVY.
MY TURN.
WHO TIED IT TO THE...
OH, WOW!
I THOUGHT YOU TIED IT TO THE GROUND.
THIS SULFUR IS NOT LIGHT.
OKAY, OKAY.
[ LAUGHS ]
OH, WOW.
OKAY.
[ GRUNTS ]
STRONG.
[ SPEAKING IN NATIVE LANGUAGE ]
YEAH?
YEAH.
OH, YOU MAKE IT LOOK SO EASY.
SULFUR IS A SURE SIGN OF A HIGHLY ACTIVE VOLCANO.
THE MINE SITS INSIDE A DEEP 12-MILE-WIDE CALDERA.
IT'S LIKE WE'RE ON TOP OF THE WORLD.
WE'RE ABOVE THE CEILING OF THE CLOUDS.
IT'S BEAUTIFUL.
LET'S KEEP PUSHING ON.
SO, WE'RE DEFINITELY SEEING SIGNS OF HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY.
YOU CAN SEE A STEAM TRAIL JUST OVER THE MOUNTAINS.
WOW.
LOOK AT THAT.
OKAY!
YAY!
THANK YOU.
WE'VE MADE IT.
THIS IS KAWAH IJEN MINE FOR SULFUR,
AND YOU CAN SEE RIGHT THERE, IT'S AN ACTIVE VOLCANO.
LET'S GO TAKE A CLOSER LOOK.
THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS JOBS IN THE WORLD,
BECAUSE OUT OF ABOUT 200 TO 300 MINERS,
UP TO EIGHT OF THEM DIE EACH YEAR,
BECAUSE ONE WRONG STEP,
AND IT'S ALL THE WAY DOWN INTO THE CRATER.
AS I GET CLOSER, I NEED TO PUT ON A GAS MASK,
AS STEAM AND POISONOUS GASES ARE ESCAPING FROM THE VOLCANO.
HERE WE GO.
IT'S LIKE BEING ON MARS.
YOU CAN JUST SEE THAT, IN THIS CRATER,
THERE'S NOTHING GROWING, AND WHAT'S LEFT IS DEAD BUSHES.
[ SIZZLING ]
RIGHT AT THE BOTTOM OF THE CRATER IS THE SULFUR MINE.
GASES FROM THE VOLCANO BENEATH US
ARE CHANNELED THROUGH THE PIPES,
WHERE THEY COOL AND CONDENSE AS LIQUID SULFUR.
LOOK RIGHT HERE. YOU CAN SEE THE SULFUR BOILING.
THIS SULFUR IS COMING FROM DEEP WITHIN THE EARTH,
AT LEAST TENS, IF NOT HUNDREDS OF MILES.
IT'S COMING OUT IN A RIVER OF PURE SULFUR.
SO, OVER TIME, THAT'S GONNA COOL DOWN ENOUGH
THAT IT WILL THEN TURN INTO THIS YELLOW BRICK.
THE MOLTEN SULFUR STARTS OFF RED BUT TURNS YELLOW AS IT COOLS.
YOU CAN SEE RIGHT HERE HOW IT'S STILL ORANGE
AS IT'S GETTING RID OF ITS VAPOR, ITS MOISTURE.
AND THIS GAS IS UNREAL.
WITHOUT MY MASK,
MY EYES WOULD BE BURNING WHEN IT COMES AROUND ME,
AND IT'S EXTREMELY HUMID.
IT'S LIKE SITTING IN A SAUNA
WHEN YOU SPLASH THE WATER ON THE ROCKS.
[ GROANS ]
JUST A MINUTE. COMPLETE BLACKOUT.
OH!
DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS OF SULFUR POUR FROM DEEP BELOW,
AND ONE OF THOSE COMPOUNDS CAN RADICALLY ALTER THE CLIMATE.
TO SHOW YOU IT,
I'M HEADING TO A CRATER LAKE JUST DOWN FROM THE MINE.
IT MIGHT LOOK PRETTY, BUT THIS LAKE IS DEADLY.
IF I WERE TO TOUCH THIS, MY SKIN WOULD START BURNING.
THERE'S SO MUCH SULFUR IN THIS
THAT IT'S A VERY CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID.
THIS CAN'S PROBABLY ONLY A COUPLE DAYS OLD,
AND IT'S COMPLETELY EATEN AWAY AT THE ALUMINUM.
THE ONLY THING THAT'S LEFT IS, LIKE, THE PAINT ON THE LABEL.
SULFUR DIOXIDE FROM THE VOLCANO
SEEPS UP INTO THE LAKE WATER AND MIXES,
MAKING SULFURIC ACID...
...AND THAT'S BAD NEWS FOR THE CLIMATE.
I'M GONNA GO TRY AND CHIP OUT A BRICK.
WHAT'S SCARY ABOUT THIS SULFUR
IS THAT IT'S EXTREMELY COMMON IN VOLCANOES.
THE ANCIENT KRAKATAU VOLCANO IN 535
WOULD HAVE BEEN PARTICULARLY POTENT.
SCIENTISTS HAVE CALCULATED
THAT THE ERUPTION THREW OUT AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF SULFUR.
BILLIONS OF TONS OF SULFUR WAS EJECTED WITH THE EXPLOSION.
THE PROBLEM WITH THAT IS
SULFUR DIOXIDE GELS WITH WATER VERY EASILY,
AND IT MAKES LITTLE SULFURIC ACID DROPLETS,
AND THESE DROPLETS BECOME EXTREMELY SHINY,
ACT LIKE A BUNCH OF LITTLE MIRRORS.
THEY CAN STAY ALOFT FOR TENS OF YEARS,
JUST REFLECTING THE SUNLIGHT.
THIS CAN DRASTICALLY ALTER THE CLIMATE.
[ COUGHS ]
SULFURIC ACID DROPLETS IN THE ATMOSPHERE REFLECT SO MUCH SUN
THEY CAN RADICALLY LOWER TEMPERATURES.
WHEN KRAKATAU ERUPTED IN 535,
IT WOULD HAVE BLASTED OUT MORE SULFUR DIOXIDE
THAN ANY OTHER ERUPTION IN HISTORY.
ICE RECORDS,
WHICH CHART THOUSANDS OF YEARS OF ATMOSPHERIC INFORMATION,
SHOW THE HIGHEST EVER PEAK IN SULFUR DIOXIDE --
YOU GUESSED IT -- IN 535.
ADD IN THE EFFECTS OF ASH AND DUST,
AND TEMPERATURES WOULD HAVE PLUMMETED.
CALCULATIONS OF THE 535 ERUPTION
ESTIMATE THAT IT PROBABLY DROPPED THE EARTH'S TEMPERATURE
DOWN TO 10 OR 15 DEGREES LOWER
FOR ABOUT 10 TO 15 YEARS,
AND SO THE WHOLE WORLD SHUTS DOWN,
FROM FARMING AND AGRICULTURE TO TRANSPORTATION.
IT WOULD JUST CAUSE MASS FAMINES,
OUTBREAKS OF THE BLACK PLAGUE.
IT'S JUST SOMETHING I WOULD NOT WANT TO BE A PART OF.
[ COUGHS ]
YEAH, LET'S GET OUT OF HERE.
STARVED OF SUNLIGHT,
THE PLANET PLUNGED INTO A DECADE-LONG VOLCANIC WINTER.
BUT IT WOULD CHANGE EVERYTHING ON THE EARTH --
NOT JUST THE CLIMATE,
BUT THE BIOLOGY, THE GEOLOGY, THE ATMOSPHERE.
THERE WAS SNOW IN SUMMER, FAMINE ACROSS ASIA,
AND PLAGUE IN EUROPE.
TREES IN EVERY CORNER OF THE GLOBE
STOPPED GROWING ALTOGETHER.
ONE HUGE VOLCANIC EVENT BROUGHT CIVILIZATION TO ITS KNEES.
THIS HIKE UP INTO THE KAWAH IJEN SULFUR MINE
HAS JUST GIVEN ME A DEEPER RESPECT
FOR HOW THE EARTH WORKS.
IT'S THE FIRST TIME I'VE EVER SEEN SOMETHING OF THIS SCALE.
STILL IN AWE OF THE WHOLE THING.
Bonnin: THE 535 ERUPTION'S IMPACT ON THE GLOBAL CLIMATE
WAS ASTONISHING.
IT WAS A WORLDWIDE KILLER WITH LASTING HISTORICAL IMPACT,
BUT IT LEFT LITTLE BEHIND FOR US TO SEE TODAY.
IT WAS SO POWERFUL, IT BLEW ITSELF OUT OF EXISTENCE.
IN ITS PLACE, A NEW VOLCANO GREW,
AND THIS ONE LEFT A TRAIL OF HORRIFYING EVIDENCE.
Bonnin: WE'RE FOLLOWING THE DESTRUCTIVE TRAIL
OF THE KRAKATAU VOLCANO
TO SEE IF A FUTURE ERUPTION
COULD PLUNGE MANKIND INTO AN APOCALYPTIC DARK AGE.
AN ERUPTION IN THE YEAR 535
SHUT OUT THE SUN BEHIND A CURTAIN OF SULFUR.
Pepper: THAT VOLCANO BLEW ITSELF OUT OF EXISTENCE,
BUT A NEW VOLCANO ROSE UP IN ITS PLACE
AND STRUCK AGAIN IN 1883.
THIS TIME, THE ERUPTION LEFT A TRAIL OF EVIDENCE,
AND EYEWITNESSES LEFT WRITTEN RECORDS.
AS A GEOLOGIST, YOU READ ACCOUNTS OF THESE EVENTS,
BUT IT'S NOT UNTIL YOU'RE ON THE ISLAND,
YOU CAN REALLY SEE THE MAGNITUDE OF SUCH AN ERUPTION.
THESE CLIFFS FORMED DURING THE ERUPTION.
WHAT IMPRESSES ME ABOUT VOLCANOES
IS THE MASSIVE SCALE IN WHICH THEY WORK.
THESE CLIFFS, FOR EXAMPLE,
THE KRAKATAU FORMED THESE IN MINUTES.
THESE CLIFFS GIVE US A GLIMPSE
OF THE MOMENTS STRAIGHT AFTER THE ERUPTION.
TO GET A REALLY GOOD IDEA OF HOW THESE CLIFFS WERE FORMED,
I'M GONNA NEED TO GO UP A LITTLE BIT.
THIS ISN'T REALLY CEMENTED TOGETHER,
SO I HAVE TO BE REALLY CAREFUL OF ROCKFALL.
A HOT AVALANCHE OF ASH, GAS, AND ROCKS
CASCADED OUT OF THE VOLCANO AND BUILT THESE CLIFFS.
OH, JUST WHAT I'M LOOKING FOR.
I CAN TELL THAT THIS HAD TO HAVE BEEN FORMED BY A VOLCANO,
BECAUSE THERE'S NO SORTING OF ANY OF THE SIZES OF THESE ROCKS.
YOU CAN SEE THAT THERE'S THESE PRETTY LARGE SIZE COBBLES
IN WITH EXTREMELY FINE DUST.
THIS CHAOTIC MIX IS A SIGN
OF ONE OF THE PLANET'S MOST DEADLY PHENOMENA...
...A SPEEDING CLOUD OF SUPERHEATED GAS AND DEBRIS --
A PYROCLASTIC FLOW.
AFTER THE DUST SETTLED IN 1883,
IT CEMENTED TOGETHER TO FORM THESE CLIFFS.
THE BLAZING PYROCLASTIC FLOW CRUISED RIGHT UP AND OVER
A NEARBY ISLAND PEAK 2,800 FEET HIGH.
AND IF YOU THINK ABOUT THAT FOR A MINUTE,
THAT'S TWICE THE HEIGHT OF THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING.
TEMPERATURES INSIDE THE PYROCLASTIC FLOW
CAN REACH OVER 1,000 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT,
AND AS IT RACES DOWN THE SIDE OF THE VOLCANO,
IT PICKS UP SPEED.
LOOK AT THAT MONSTER.
COULD YOU IMAGINE THAT COMING AT YOU?
IF YOU'RE IN ANY VICINITY OF THAT,
THE CHANCE OF SURVIVAL IS NIL.
[ THUNDER CRASHES ]
IN 1883, A PYROCLASTIC FLOW AROUND 33 FEET HIGH,
TRAVELING AT AROUND 335 MILES AN HOUR,
RIPPED NORTHWARDS AWAY FROM THE BLAST ZONE,
KILLING EVERYTHING IN ITS PATH.
Bonnin: YOU'D THINK THE SEA WOULD STOP IT,
BUT YOU'D BE WRONG.
TO SEE HOW A PYROCLASTIC FLOW CAN WALK ON WATER,
I'M GOING TO RETRACE ITS PATH OVER THE OCEAN.
[ ENGINE REVS ]
THIS IS THE DIRECTION OF THE PYROCLASTIC FLOW,
HEADING TOWARDS SUMATRA
AT AN INCREDIBLE SPEED OF 200 MILES PER HOUR.
AND IT'S A BIT LIKE HOW THESE JET SKIS TRAVEL.
IF I PUT THE THROTTLE DOWN,
THE JET SKI PLANES OVER THE WATER,
AND THAT'S HOW THE FLOW TRAVELED OVER THIS OCEAN.
THE HEAVIER ROCKS FELL TO THE OCEAN FLOOR,
BUT THE SUPER-HOT GAS AND ASH KEPT GOING.
ITS HIGH VELOCITY AND LOW DENSITY
ALLOWED THE FLOW TO SPEED ACROSS THE WATER.
AT THE SPEED IT WAS TRAVELING,
IT REACHED THE SUMATRAN COAST IN MINUTES.
THE PEOPLE REALLY DIDN'T KNOW WHAT HIT THEM.
THE FLOW CROSSED THE STRAIT IN LESS THAN AN HOUR,
ENGULFING THE SUMATRAN VILLAGE OF KETTING BAN
IN HOT GAS AND DUST.
2,000 PEOPLE ARE BURNT ALIVE.
THE MORE I LEARN ABOUT EACH EVENT THAT FOLLOWS ANOTHER
WHEN IT COMES TO VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS,
THE MORE IT IS BLOWING MY MIND.
A HUGE BODY OF GAS CARRYING ALL THAT DEBRIS,
TRAVELING OVER WATER, AND AFFECTING PEOPLE MILES AWAY.
BUT ALL THESE THINGS ARE GOING ON IN JUST THIS AREA
WITH SUCH MIGHT AND WITH SUCH DYNAMIC POWER.
IT GIVES YOU RESPECT FOR THE PLANET,
AS WELL AS INSTILLING A BIT OF FEAR.
THERE'S NO QUESTION.
AFTER THE PYROCLASTIC FLOW,
THE ERUPTION UNLEASHES ITS DEADLIEST WEAPON --
THE OCEAN.
Bonnin: KRAKATAU'S ERUPTION IN 535
BLASTED SULFUR DIOXIDE INTO THE ATMOSPHERE
AND IS BELIEVED TO HAVE PLUNGED THE WORLD INTO THE DARK AGES.
NOW, WITH A NEW VOLCANO RISING ON THE SAME SPOT,
THIS COULD HAPPEN AGAIN.
WE'RE USING EVIDENCE FROM THE PAST,
AN ERUPTION IN 1883,
TO INVESTIGATE WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN IN THE FUTURE.
Pepper: IN 1883, AN AVALANCHE OF HOT DEBRIS
DESTROYS EVERYTHING IN ITS PATH FOR MILES AROUND.
NOTHING, NOT EVEN OPEN WATER, CAN STOP IT.
THEN, THE VOLCANO ENTERS ITS DEADLIEST PHASE.
THE ORIGINAL ISLAND OF KRAKATAU HAD THREE LARGE PEAKS
BEFORE THE EXPLOSION IN 1883,
AND THE FIRST MONSTER EXPLOSION
MOST LIKELY REMOVED THE TOPS OF BOTH OF THESE.
AND THEN THE MONSTER OF ALL EXPLOSIONS.
AT 10:02 IN THE MORNING, IT DARKENED THE SKIES.
IT SHATTERED WINDOWS AND WALLS IN THE NEARBY VILLAGES.
THE LARGEST SOUND EVER HEARD IN HUMAN HISTORY.
JUST COLOSSAL EXPLOSION, AND IT WENT LIKE THIS.
BOOM!
THE BURIED BALLOON WAS THE VOLCANO'S MAGMA CHAMBER.
AFTER THE ERUPTION,
SO MUCH MAGMA HAD BEEN EJECTED FROM BELOW,
KRAKATAU COLLAPSED IN ON ITSELF.
IT SENT AN ISLAND OF ROCK CRASHING INTO THE SEA.
IT FORMED A HUGE VOLCANIC BASIN, OR CALDERA,
NOW HIDDEN BENEATH THE OCEAN.
THIS CALDERA IS RIGHT OUT THERE,
AND THAT'S WHAT I'M GONNA GO TAKE A LOOK AT.
I'M GONNA FREE DIVE RIGHT OVER HERE.
WITH NO SCUBA TANKS OR BIG, HEAVY WEIGHTS,
YOU CAN REALLY GET THE FULL EXPERIENCE.
LET'S GO CHECK IT OUT.
HERE WE GO.
THE OCEAN FLOOR IN THIS REGION IS GENERALLY FLAT AND SHALLOW.
BUT AS I DIVE DOWN,
I COME ACROSS A MASSIVE UNDERWATER CLIFF
THAT CUTS SHARPLY INTO THE SEABED.
THIS IS THE EDGE OF THE CALDERA.
OH!
IT'S LIKE AN EDEN DOWN THERE,
AND THE SIDEWALL, IT JUST GOES VERTICAL.
IT'S LIKE STANDING IN A ROOM, LOOKING AT A WALL.
IT'S ALMOST LIKE THE SIRENS JUST CALLING ME TO GO DEEPER,
'CAUSE IF I GET DOWN TO SEE WHAT I REALLY WANT TO SEE,
I MIGHT NOT BE ABLE TO MAKE IT ALL THE WAY BACK UP.
IT'S JUST BREATHTAKING.
BUT I HAVE TO GO CHECK IT OUT AGAIN.
THE CLIFF IS ONE SIDE OF A GIANT HOLE IN THE SEAFLOOR.
IT'S THE REMAINS OF THE VOLCANO'S MAGMA CHAMBER,
NOW COLLAPSED INTO A HUGE CALDERA.
I'M ACTUALLY DIVING INSIDE THE REMAINS OF AN OLD VOLCANO.
THAT'S AS DEEP AS I CAN GO.
I JUST STARTED TO MAKE OUT THE BOTTOM.
THE VISIBILITY'S UNREAL.
IT'S LIKE BEING IN A SWIMMING POOL,
AND THAT WALL JUST KEEPS DROPPING STRAIGHT DOWN.
IN THE 19th CENTURY, WHERE I'M DIVING,
THERE WAS A MOUNTAINTOP 2,600 FEET ABOVE ME,
AND I WENT ABOUT 60 FEET DOWN.
COULD BARELY MAKE OUT THE GROUND.
THE SCALE OF THE CALDERA IS STUNNING --
A HOLE OVER HALF A MILE DEEP AND FIVE MILES WIDE
GOUGED INTO THE OCEAN FLOOR.
BUT TAKE A LOOK AT THE MAP AGAIN.
Bonnin: SEA CHARTS SHOW A FAINT OUTLINE
OF WHAT SOME SCIENTISTS THINK IS A CALDERA FROM THE 535 ERUPTION.
IT'S 10 TIMES BIGGER THAN THE ONE MARTIN'S JUST SEEN.
A LAND COLLAPSE ON THAT SCALE
WOULD DISPLACE MILLIONS OF GALLONS OF WATER,
UNLEASHING A SERIES OF RAGING TSUNAMIS.
Bonnin: THE KRAKATAU VOLCANO -- A GLOBAL DESTROYER
WITH THE POWER TO USHER IN A NEW DARK AGE.
EVIDENCE FROM PAST ERUPTIONS SHOWS US
THE VOLCANO HAS THE POWER
TO PLUNGE THE EARTH INTO A VOLCANIC WINTER.
IN 1883,
IT RELEASED AN AVALANCHE OF SUPERHEATED GAS AND ASH
AND LEFT A GIANT HOLE IN THE OCEAN FLOOR.
Pepper: THEN THE ERUPTION ENTERED ITS FINAL, DEADLIEST STAGE.
AS THE EXHAUSTED VOLCANO COLLAPSED INTO ITS EMPTY CORE,
AN ENTIRE ISLAND PLUNGED INTO THE OCEAN,
SENDING HUGE WAVES ROARING ACROSS THE SEA.
IT'S NOT JUST ANY TSUNAMI WAVE LIKE YOU'VE SEEN
WITH THESE GIANT UNDERWATER EARTHQUAKES.
IT'S AN INSTANT SMASH,
AND WHEN IT HITS, IT SENDS A MUCH STEEPER WAVE.
IT SOUNDS LIKE THIS HUGE WATERFALL.
IT LOOKS LIKE A HILL COMING, RACING TOWARDS YOU.
GIANT ROCKS THAT HAD BEEN BLASTED INTO THE SKY
PLUNGED BACK INTO THE WATER, STIRRING UP THE SEA EVEN MORE.
WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT ALL THAT MATERIAL
BEING EJECTED STRAIGHT UP INTO THE AIR,
THE HEAVY STUFF COMES SLAMMING BACK DOWN INTO THE EARTH.
IT'S LIKE A CHILD JUST SMASHING IN THE BATHTUB,
CREATING TSUNAMI WAVE AFTER TSUNAMI WAVE.
Bonnin: THE LARGEST WAVES RIPPED EASTWARDS ACROSS THE OCEAN,
TOWARDS THE EXPOSED COAST OF JAVA, 25 MILES AWAY.
SO, THIS IS ANYER, ON THE WEST COAST OF JAVA.
THIS ENTIRE COASTLINE BORE THE BRUNT OF THE TSUNAMI.
KRAKATAU'S COLLAPSE IN 1883 HURLED OUT WAVE AFTER WAVE.
TSUNAMIS POUNDED THE ISLAND.
OCEANOLOGIST JOSE BORRERO
HAS BEEN STUDYING THE IMPACT OF THE WAVE THAT HIT JAVA.
HE'S IDENTIFIED MASSIVE BOULDERS ALL OVER ANYER
THAT SHOULDN'T BE HERE.
JOSE, THIS IS JUST A RIDICULOUS SIZE.
SOMEWHERE AROUND 125 TONS.
THIS THING WAS PICKED UP FROM A SECTION OF THE REEF HERE,
PROBABLY RIGHT OFFSHORE,
AND DEPOSITED INTO THIS POSITION BACK IN 1883.
AND THE BEACH IS LITTERED
WITH OTHER HUGE CHUNKS OF DISPLACED CORAL.
THE VELOCITY OF THE WATER WAS SO STRONG
THAT IT WAS ACTUALLY ABLE TO PICK UP THESE PIECES OF CORAL
AND TRANSLATE THEM HERE,
AS IF THEY WERE SMALL PEBBLES OR GRAINS OF SAND,
ON A BIGGER SCALE.
THIS ONE HERE IS PROBABLY THE SIZE OF A SMALL CAR --
MINIBUS, MAYBE.
Bonnin: AND, I MEAN, THAT REALLY DOES DEMONSTRATE
THE SHEER POWER OF THAT WAVE THAT COULD PICK THIS UP
AND THEN JUST DUMP IT HERE ON THE SHORE.
WOULD THE PEOPLE HAVE EVEN SEEN THE TSUNAMI?
HAD YOU BEEN HERE,
YOU WOULD HAVE BEEN UNDER THIS RAIN OF VOLCANIC ASH
AND THINGS RAINING DOWN,
AND IT WOULD HAVE BEEN DARK AS NIGHT IN THE MIDDLE OF THE DAY.
YOU WOULD HAVE HAD THIS LONG, LOW, RUMBLING SOUND
THAT WOULD HAVE STARTED
AND THEN GRADUALLY GOTTEN LARGER AND LOUDER AND LOUDER
UNTIL, FINALLY, IT CAME ASHORE.
IT WAS DEFINITELY A BIG MESS OF BROILING, BOILING WATER
COMING ASHORE.
THE TSUNAMI TORE INTO ANYER'S COASTLINE,
LEVELING EVERYTHING IN ITS PATH.
TO GET AN IDEA OF HOW BIG THIS TSUNAMI WAVE WAS,
I'M GOING TO CLIMB THE NEW LIGHTHOUSE,
WHICH WAS BUILT TWO YEARS AFTER THE FIRST ONE WAS DESTROYED
IN 1883.
THIS LIGHTHOUSE WAS BUILT HERE
TO PROTECT THE REGION'S ONCE-THRIVING SPICE TRADE.
13th FLOOR.
TWO MORE TO GO.
THE FERTILE VOLCANIC SOIL
ALLOWED RARE CROPS LIKE NUTMEG TO FLOURISH.
OH, THAT'S MORE LIKE IT.
SO, THIS IS IT --
THE TOP OF THE LIGHTHOUSE, 120 FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL,
AND THERE, YOU CAN SEE THE REMAINS OF THE OLD LIGHTHOUSE,
THE CORAL BOULDERS LITTERING THE BEACH,
AND THEN OVER THERE IS KRAKATAU.
HAD I BEEN STANDING HERE BACK IN AUGUST 1883,
I WOULD HAVE WITNESSED A HUGE EXPLOSION
BLASTING A PLUME 17 MILES INTO THE AIR
AND THEN AN ENORMOUS WAVE THE HEIGHT OF THIS LIGHTHOUSE
RACING TOWARDS ME.
MIND-BLOWING.
THE VOLCANIC GEOLOGY THAT LURED SETTLERS TO THE FERTILE LAND
WAS ALSO THEIR UNDOING.
AN EYEWITNESS DESCRIBED RIDING OUT A STRING OF TSUNAMIS
ABOARD A MERCHANT SHIP.
LIKE A HIGH MOUNTAIN,
THE MONSTROUS WAVE PRECIPITATED ITS JOURNEY TOWARDS THE LAND.
IMMEDIATELY AFTERWARDS,
ANOTHER THREE WAVES OF COLOSSAL SIZE APPEARED.
BEFORE OUR EYES,
THIS TERRIFYING UPHEAVAL OF THE SEA CONSUMED THE TOWN.
THE GIANT TSUNAMIS KILLED MORE THAN 35,000 PEOPLE.
HUMAN SKELETONS WERE FOUND FLOATING ACROSS THE INDIAN OCEAN
ON RAFTS OF VOLCANIC PUMICE.
BUT THE LOCAL POPULATION IN 1883
WAS A FRACTION OF WHAT IT IS TODAY.
242 MILLION PEOPLE NOW LIVE IN INDONESIA.
A VOLCANIC TSUNAMI WOULD WREAK CARNAGE.
THAT THREAT IS VERY REAL,
BECAUSE THE VOLCANO IS RISING FROM THE SEA AGAIN,
LOADED WITH THE SAME KILLER MATERIAL
AS ITS DEADLY ANCESTORS.
KRAKATAU, OR WORSE, THE DARK AGE DESTROYER FROM 535,
IS BACK.
Pepper: KRAKATAU IS LOCKED IN A DEADLY CYCLE
OF DESTRUCTION AND REBIRTH.
THE LAST MAJOR ERUPTION IN 1883 DESTROYED THE ENTIRE VOLCANO.
44 YEARS LATER, IN 1927,
A FILM CREW CAPTURED A NEW VOLCANO
BURSTING FROM THE SEA IN THE SAME SPOT.
Bonnin: THE NEW PEAK IS CALLED ANAK KRAKATAU,
MEANING "THE CHILD OF KRAKATAU."
WE WANT TO FIND OUT
IF IT HAS THE DESTRUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF ITS ANCESTORS.
THE VOLCANO IS ALREADY HIGHLY ACTIVE,
REGULARLY SPITTING OUT GAS, ASH, AND LAVA.
IT'S STRIKING HOW DARK THIS BEACH SAND...
SO, WE'VE ASKED EXPERT VOLCANOLOGIST HEATHER HANDLEY
TO GUIDE US TO THE SUMMIT.
Pepper: EACH YEAR, ANAK KRAKATAU GROWS AROUND 30 FEET.
IT'S NOW 1/2 MILE HIGH.
Bonnin: TO SEE HOW EXPLOSIVE
ANAK KRAKATAU MIGHT ULTIMATELY BECOME,
WE WANT TO EXAMINE SOME FRESH LAVA,
AND TO DO THAT, WE NEED TO GET CLOSER TO THE SUMMIT.
AS WE CLIMB, THE VOLCANO STARTS TO WAKE UP.
LOOK AT THAT. LOOK AT THAT BIG PLUME GOING OFF UP THERE NOW.
Handley: YEAH, YOU CAN SEE IT'S DEGASSING AT THE MOMENT.
BECAUSE IT'S MOVING AT A SHALLOW DEPTH,
THERE'S A POTENTIAL FOR IT TO ERUPT,
BUT AS IT GETS CLOSER TO THE SURFACE,
YOU PROBABLY FEEL A RUMBLING,
AND YOU CAN FEEL IT BEFORE IT GOES.
ALL RIGHT, SO, WE'VE GOT A BIT OF WARNING.
A FEW SECONDS.
NOT VERY COMFORTING, BUT IT'S ONWARDS AND UPWARDS.
SOON, WE FIND WHAT WE'RE LOOKING FOR.
YOU SEE THE SCATTERED LARGER BLOCKS OF ROCK?
NOW, THEY'RE LAVA BOMBS.
AND THEY'RE LAVA BOMBS BECAUSE...?
BECAUSE THEY FLY OUT AT GREAT SPEEDS.
Pepper: A LAVA BOMB IS A CHUNK OF MOLTEN ROCK
SHOT OUT OF A VOLCANO.
SO, HERE WE ARE. HERE'S A GREAT EXAMPLE OF A LAVA BOMB.
MY GOSH, IT'S HUGE.
GOOD GRIEF. SO, THAT CAME OUT OF THAT CRATER?
YES.
THERE'S STILL A DANGER THAT IT COULD ERUPT
AND EMIT SOME LAVA BOMBS THAT COULD HIT YOU AND HURT YOU.
SO, WHEN IT'S FLYING OUT FROM THE VOLCANO AND IT'S HOT,
IT CAN DO SOME REAL WORK.
YEAH, I'VE HEARD ACCOUNTS
WHERE THEY COME OUT AT ABOUT 120 MILES AN HOUR,
AND SOME RESEARCHERS WERE LOOKING ABOVE THEM,
AND SOMETHING JUST THAT SIZE CAME STRAIGHT TOWARDS THEM
AND ACTUALLY WENT THROUGH THE TORSO OF TWO OF THEM.
WHOA.
Pepper: BECAUSE LAVA BOMBS ARE HURLED OUT OF THE MAGMA CHAMBER,
THEY GIVE US A UNIQUE WINDOW INSIDE THE VOLCANO.
THEY CAN TELL US IF THE MATERIAL INSIDE IS GASSY AND EXPLOSIVE.
SO, FROM THE ROCKS THAT WE SEE ON THE SURFACE,
WE CAN ACTUALLY TELL A LOT ABOUT WHAT THE MAGMA IS,
SO ITS COMPOSITION
AND BASICALLY HOW EXPLOSIVE IT IS AT PRESENT TIMES.
IT STILL HAS THESE HOLES IN IT,
SO WE CAN SEE FROM THOSE THAT IT WAS QUITE GAS-RICH.
WE HAVE A BIG MAGMA CHAMBER THAT CONTAINS A LOT OF GAS,
AND IT'S SEALED AT THE SURFACE
SO THAT THAT PRESSURE CAN BUILD UP.
THEN WE HAVE THE POTENTIAL FOR A CATACLYSMIC ERUPTION.
IN TIME, AS THIS THING EVOLVES,
THE POTENTIAL FOR THIS TO ONE DAY EXPLODE
YEAH, THAT'S CORRECT.
WE CAN DEFINITELY SAY THAT THIS
IS THE THIRD INCARNATION OF KRAKATAU.
YEAH, SO, THIS IS THE THIRD TIME
WE'VE GOT DEFINITE EVIDENCE OF THIS CYCLE.
THE GASSY LAVA SHOWS
THAT ANAK KRAKATAU IS A VERY EXPLOSIVE VOLCANO.
LIKE ITS ANCESTORS, WHEN IT BLOWS,
IT WILL DO SO WITH ENORMOUS POWER.
Pepper: AND NEAR THE SUMMIT, THERE IS AN EVEN MORE OMINOUS SIGN.
CLIMATE-ALTERING SULFUR GASES ARE ALREADY VENTING
FROM THE VOLCANO.
YEAH, YOU CAN SMELL IT.
Bonnin: [ COUGHS ]
THERE'S A LOT OF GAS COMING UP THERE.
I SAW THAT AT THE MINE, AS WELL,
AND IT JUST SHOWS YOU HOW PREVALENT THE SULFUR IS.
THIS CAN DRASTICALLY CHANGE OUR ATMOSPHERE ON A LONG-TERM BASIS.
Pepper: ANAK KRAKATAU IS A YOUNG VOLCANO,
BUT IT'S GROWING FAST,
AND IF IT REACHES THE SIZE OF ITS PREDECESSORS,
A MAJOR ERUPTION WOULD BE CATASTROPHIC.
Bonnin: THE STAKES ARE HIGH.
INDONESIA IS THE FOURTH MOST POPULATED COUNTRY ON EARTH.
MILLIONS OF PEOPLE LIVE WITHIN STRIKING DISTANCE
OF A SEARING PYROCLASTIC FLOW AND KILLER TSUNAMIS.
Pepper: AND THAT WOULD BE JUST THE BEGINNING.
TRILLIONS OF TONS OF DEBRIS AND SULFUR DIOXIDE
WOULD BE RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE,
BLOTTING OUT THE SUN
AND SENDING TEMPERATURES PLUMMETING ALL OVER THE WORLD.
Bonnin: AND PLUNGING CIVILIZATION INTO A NEW MODERN DARK AGE,
A SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DISASTER.
IT IS INCREDIBLE TO BE STANDING HERE RIGHT NOW.
WE'RE PART OF A MOMENT IN HISTORY, REALLY, AREN'T WE?
OH, YEAH.
IF THIS KEEPS GROWING, IT COULD HAVE A MONUMENTAL EXPLOSION
AND LITERALLY IMPACT THE LIFE WE LIVE AND ALL LIFE ON EARTH.
THE 1883 ERUPTION OF KRAKATAU MAY BE THE MOST INFAMOUS.
Pepper: THE 535 ERUPTION, BY FAR THE MOST POWERFUL.
Bonnin: BUT THEY WON'T BE THE LAST.
Pepper: KRAKATAU HAS RISEN AGAIN.
Bonnin: ONE DAY, IT WILL EXPLOSIVELY AND DRAMATICALLY ERUPT.
Pepper: AND IT COULD ONCE AGAIN HUMBLE ALL MANKIND.