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欢迎收看本频道史上百大发现的精彩完结篇 Welcome to the ultimate episode of the science channels one hundred greatest discoveries series
我是比尔奈尔. 这些馆藏化石被安置在这座壮观的恐龙馆里 I’m bill Nye and these are some of the resident fossils here the spectacular hall of dinosaurs
这儿是卡耐基自然历史博物馆 Here the Carnegie museum of natural history
大家都知道 As we know, 在前八集中,我们介绍了100个伟大发现 in just eight hours we have covered one hundred of the greatest discoveries
涵盖生物学 In biology
物理学 Physics
化学 Chemistry
医学 Medicine
遗传学 Genetics
地质学 Geology
天文学 astronomy
进化论 and evolution
几个世纪以来 人们成就了许多科学发现 over the last few centuries, human have made a lot of scientific discoveries, breakthroughs in our
对周围世界的了解有所突破 understanding of the world around us
你们可能会纳闷,这100大发现是怎么选定,又怎么来的呢? see you might wonder what made these the one hundred greatest discoveries? Who picked them?
成员本频道的工作人员 Well, the faculty at the science channel 以及大学教授,研究员和科学界的专家 and who along with university professor, researchers and experts from scientific societies
各位可能又会纳闷,如何才叫专家呢? Then you might wonder, what makes someone an expert?
这就难定义了,但在本集中,您就是专家 That’s hard to say but for this episode, you are the expert
从制作本系列以来,人们会常常问… Since we short doing this, people asked
百大发现哪一项排名第一呢? 排名第9或99? Which of these hundred great discoveries number one or number nine or number ninety nine?
我们借助《发现》杂志举办了投票活动 Well with the help of our friend“ discovery ” magazine put the question to the vote
请各位票选心目中的十大发现,现在结果出来了 We ask you to choose which discovery you thought were the top ten and now the ballots are in
请坐近一点,并调高音量 Leave待定 forward and turn up loud
听我们宣布你们所票选出的科学史上重大发现的前十名 As we show you what you picked of as ten greatest of the greatest discoveries in science
翻译:TIV 时间轴制作校对:特大碗牛肉面
史上百大发现 十大精选
我们将倒数宣布重大科学发现的前十名 We are counting down the top ten greatest scientific discoveries
根据倒数的数学定义 The mathematical nature of a countdown went the first discovery 我们介绍的第一个发现,在名单上是居第十位 that we count down as the tenth discovery of those on the list
这是从后面向前数,可不是从前面往后数 See it’s a countdown not a countup
总之,首先介绍的我可以用两个词概括,就是“艾萨克-牛顿” Anyway, it’s our first one, and I can sum it up in two words, Isaac Newton
这位著名,受人尊敬,无人能出其右的牛顿爵士 It’s see it was the famous, the venerable, the incompatible sir Isaac
他的天才帮助人们对周遭世界的了解大大进步 Who genius contributed immensely to the advancement of the species of understanding the world around us
想一想,这种领略真的是想象力上的大跃进 Now think about it, it’s quiet a leap of imagination that realize that
苹果从树上掉落时,不只是地球将苹果往下拉 when an apple falls out of tree, not only the earth somehow pull apple down,
苹果也稍微把地球往上拉了一点点 but the apple must also be adverse slightly pulling the earth up
牛顿是首先想到这一点的人 and Isaac Newton was the first one to understand that
但以各位观众的智慧是不吃这套的 but with you views and wisdom did not want that, 不会沉迷于引力的平方反比定律或者看不到的拉力 you want enchanted by gravity or the inverse square tiny invisible pull
尽管它力量强大 that’s somehow large enough 不但能掌控微小的宇宙尘埃,更能掌控整个星系 to control not only specs of cosmic dust but entire galaxies
不是这个发现,艾萨克-牛顿爵士 no sir Isaac 是您推出的另一项惊人见解 you want another insights
牛顿运动定律
牛顿运动定律 Newton’s law of motion
对许多人而言,牛顿就是物理的代表 To many people Isaac Newton is physics
主因是他写了三本一系列的书 And it’s largely because of a series of books he wrote 包含牛顿第二项伟大发现-运动定律 which contained Newton’s second discovery, the laws of motion
这项原理解释了所有实物的运动 The law explained the motion of all physical objects
为了了解这3大定律,想象一下冰上曲棍球 To help understand the three laws of motion, consider ice hockey
很简单,你击打曲棍球,它就沿着冰面滑出去 That’s simple enough, you hit hockey pokey and it just keep sliding off across the ice
如你所见,在无阻力的表面,物体可以持续滑动 You can see the unfrictional surface is just a little pretty much keep on indefinitely
在无阻力的表面,物体可持续滑动,当你用球棍击打球使其加速 When you kick your stick against the pokey and it accelerates
让它从静止到移动的加速度, and makes that acceleration that’s from in stand still up to speed 就是牛顿第二定律要说明的,或者你可以用第二定律计算出来 is explained by the second law. You can calculate using the second law
第三定律说明当你用球棍击打球饼,球棍获得和球饼相等的反作用力 The third law says when you hit the pokey with a stick and the stick get the force opposite to the pock or to another way
或者换个说法,当一位曲棍球运动员往另一位脸上挥拳 When a hockey players punch the other one’s face
他自己的指关节和对方的下颚一样痛 It’s likely to break his knuckle as really as strong
牛顿的运动定律大胆地剖析了宇宙运行的方法 Newton’s law of motion were a bold insight in the mechanic of how the universe works
他奠定了现在所谓的古典物理学的基础 They established the foundation of what is now known as classical physics
各位票选的第九名发现还是和看不见的事物有关 Your pick for the discovery of number nine keeps the focus on the invisible
那就是微生物 Microorganisms
17世纪初期 全欧洲都在使用简单的显微镜 In the early sixteenth hundreds, basic microscopes were used throughout Europe.
科学家们着迷于放大微观世界 General scientist were held spell *** by their ability to enlarge the universe of the very small
后来在1665年 一位英国科学家罗伯特-虎克 Then in 1665, an English scientist named Robert hook
观察到软木塞薄片里的小格状物 并称它们为“细胞” observed the tiny boxed in the sliver crock and called them cells.
因为他觉得它们像是僧侣住的小房间 Because they reminded him of the small room lived in by monks.
微生物
列文虎克是个荷兰商人 他对科学非常有兴趣 Antoine Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch merchant fascinated with science
听说了虎克的显微镜后 他决定自己也来做台显微镜 Upon learning about hook’s microscope, he decided to build one for himself
-高尔博士 Doc. Gaul
为了知道接下来发生的事情,我造访了约瑟夫高尔 To find out what happened next, I paved a visit to Joseph Gaul
他是马里兰州巴尔地摩卡耐基研究所的细胞生物学家 A cell biologist at Carnegie institution in Baltimore Maryland
列文虎克发现了什么? Antoine Leeuwenhoek, What did he discover?
列文虎克发现了许多东西 但他最有名的发现就是原生动物 Leeuwenhoek discovered quite a few things. But what is his most famous for are discovering protozoa
就是生活在池塘水里的单细胞动物 That’s small single cell animals living in pond water
他是怎么发现的? How did he do that?
他使用自制的显微镜 He did use a microscope of his own construction
-你要不要看? Then would you like to see? . -好啊 Oh yes
你有列文虎克的显微镜? You have a Leeuwenhoek microscope?
不是原版的,我有列文虎克的显微镜仿制品 Not original. I have a replica of Leeuwenhoek microscope
它的组成有两块铜片和充当镜头的一小块玻璃 It consists of two brass plates with a small piece of glass which at the lens
操作方式为 把样本放在这边的针头上 And when you use this, it’s to put the specimen on the pin here
眼睛贴近这边的镜头 这样就能观察到针尖 And then you hold your eye up very close to lens on this side and when you do that, you can see the point of the pin
你可以把昆虫等样本放在针头上 And you can put the specimen whether the insect or whatever on that pin
你要不要看下? Would you like to take a look at? 好 Oh .yeah
-它很重 It’s kind of heavy. -因为是铜做的 Cause it ‘s brass, it’s brass
1675年列文虎克用他的显微镜观察一滴小水珠 In 1675, then Leeuwenhoek was using his microscope to examine a bit of water
他发现了非常神奇的东西 When he observed something extraordinary
在一个世界里充满了人类前所未见的生物 A world full of creatures that no human would ever seen.
“微生物” Microorganisms
我没有轻视的意思 就用这么原始的设备 So .with this, with all due respect, primitive gismo, yes.
-他发现了单细胞动物,现在我们视为理所当然的东西 He discovered single cell animals. We take for granted yes -没错 yes
他最有名的发现是 原生动物 But he is most famous for are discovering protozoa, 00:07:34,600 --> 00:07:36,210 细菌 bacteria
还有精子 and ***.
这玩意太棒了 This thing is brilliant
它有机械式载物台 还有对焦装置 It’s got mechanical stage, it’s got focusing device
具备所有观察样本所需要的东西 It got all over the things that you need to look at the specimen
而且很管用 And it works
他们知道自己看到的是什么吗 我的意思是... The day they know they were seeing. Do you what I mean like did they understand
我想就现代观点而言 他们不知道自己看到了什么 Well I doubt that they really understood what they were seeing in the modern sense
但他们很赞叹于水里有这些活生生的小东西 But they were impressed that all the little things that were alive in water
当时人们不知道水里有有机体 And people had no idea that water was teeming with organisms
真想不到它是这么小巧 I guessed I just had no idea the thing was this small and delicate
老实说还十分精致 and frankly, so elegant
因为它比你的巴掌还小 Because it’s upon your palm
-而在针尖看到的东西改变了世界 And what you see on the tip that pin changes the world. -一点都没错 It does, indeed
它扩大我们对大自然本质的了解 It was an enlargement of our understanding of nature, nature than natural world
外面的世界不光是死寂的东西,相反它充满了生命力 That, that the world out there was not just dead things, but it was teeming with life
若各位和我一样,嗯,至少我是如此 If you are like me, and I know I am,
如果没抗生素的话,可能已经送命了 You might be dead today if it weren’t for antibiotics
我这辈子有好几次卧病在床,非常严重 There has been a few times of my life I was sick sick sick sick
这些小分子帮助我战胜病魔 And these molecules helped me win a battle with the disease
观众们选了最著名的一种,或许也是最容易找到和发现的一种 You chose the most famous one, perhaps was the easiest one to find to discover
因为它太有效了 Because it’s so potent 不管怎么说,青霉素改变了世界 and anyway, penicillin changed the world
我很高兴各位投票选它 And I for one glad to chose it.
青霉素(盘尼西林)
第一次世界大战期间死了超过1000万人,很多都是因为伤口感染 World War 1, more than ten million died, many from infection of their wounds
战后许多研究着重于找出安全抵抗细菌入侵的方法 After the war, researchers intensified to find the save method of repelling the bacteria invaders
苏格兰医生弗莱明也致力于此 Among those on the case was Scottish physician Alexander Fleming
弗莱明研究葡萄球菌时 他注意到在培养皿中有异物生长 While studying staphylococci bacteria, Fleming noticed something unusual growing in the culture dish
一种霉,青霉 A mould, penicillin motatium待定
他发现霉菌周围的细菌都死了 He thought that the bacteria surrounding the mould had died off
因此怀疑霉菌可能分泌出一种能杀死细菌的物质 Which let him to speculate the mould was producing a substance that was lethal to the bacteria
他将该物质命名为青霉素 He named the substance penicillin
弗莱明在接下来的数年间致力于提取出青霉素,将其应用在治疗感染 For the next several years, Fleming tried extracting to penicillin applying to treat infections
但他并未成功,最后他放弃了 But he was unsuccessful, and eventually gave up
他的研究却证明是无价之宝 Fleming’s work however proved invaluable
在1935年,牛津大学的科学家弗罗里和钱恩 In 1935, scientist Howard Florey and Ernst Chain at oxford university
看到弗莱明这份有趣但未完成的青霉素研究,决定研究一下 Came across a record of Fleming’s curious but incomplete work with penicillin and decided to investigated
这次他们成功抽取并提炼出青霉素 This time, they successfully extracted the purified penicillin
并在1940年进行了测试 And in 1940 they tested it
他们把致死剂量的链球菌注射在8只老鼠身上 The injected 8 mice with lethal doses of the bacteria streptococcus
然后把青霉素注射在其中4只老鼠身上 Then they injected four of the mice with penicillin
几小时内结果就出来了 Within hours they beheld the results
4只没有注射青霉素的老鼠死了 The four mice not treated with the penicillin were died
但4只注射了青霉素的老鼠中有3只活了下来 But the three of four that had been given penicillin were alive
从弗莱明到弗罗里和钱恩 世界上第一种抗生素诞生了 Form Fleming and Florey and chain, the world’s first antibiotic was born
这是个神奇的药 它治愈了很多令人饱受痛苦的疾病 It was a miracle drug. It cured so many diseases that had caused so much pain and suffering
包括链球菌性咽炎,风湿性热病,猩红热,梅毒和淋病 Stretch through rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, syphilis and gonorrhea
都是我们今天绝对想不到会致命的疾病 It would things that we could think about today will kill you
下一个上榜者仍然和疾病有关 微生物理论 With your next 待定state on the disease theme, germ theory
细菌理论
有些发现似乎来自意外,比如X光 Some discoveries like X-rays seemed to come out of blue
而接下来要介绍的这个发现则经过漫长的发展 由科学家传承而成 While others like our next great discovery developed over time with one scientist contributing the work on another
1846年,维也纳 美与文化之都 Vienna 1846, a city of beauty and culture
但维也纳综合医院却受到死亡阴影的笼罩 But Vienna general hospital, there was the specter of death
来此分娩的许多妇女生命垂危 Many of the women who came here to give the birth were dying, 原因是产褥热,一种子宫感染 the cause, childbed fever, an infection of uterus
当西梅尔威斯医生到任时 When doctor Ignaz Semmelweis came to work at the hospital, 问题的严重性让他十分忧心 he was alarmed the scope of the problem
但他也对其中神秘的差异深感兴趣 And intrigued by a curious discrepancy
他们有2个病房 They had two wards, 在其中一间病房,产妇由医生接生 and one the mothers were delivered by physicians
在另一个病房,则由助产接生 And the others, the mothers have the baby delivered by midwifes
西梅尔威斯注意到在医生接生的病房 Semmelweis noticed that the word with the physicians to deliver the babies 7%的母亲死于所谓的产褥热 7 percent of the mothers died from what was called childbed fever
由助产接生的母亲,只有2%死于产褥热 And the word with midwives delivered only two percent of the mothers who died from childbed fever
他觉得很奇怪,因为医生接受的训练更多,他们应该表现的更好 And he was bothered because physicians had more training. They are supposed to do better about their patients
西梅尔威斯决定要找出原因 Semmelweis was determined to find out what was going on
他注意到医生比助产多做了一件事情 He noticed that one of the main things that physicians did that midwives did not to
他们会为死掉的产妇验尸 Was to conducted autopsy on these mothers after they died
他们没有洗手便继续接生或检视产妇 Did they go back and deliver babies and examined mothers without washing their hands
就像汽车维修工搞定一辆车后 没有洗去手上油污, Just like Motor Mechanic who had finished up one car 便进行下一辆车,而且他也认为没有必要 and moved to the next car without washing his hands’ grease soil. He didn’t see any reason to have to did this
西梅尔威斯怀疑医生手上是否有无形的东西 Semmelweis wondered if the doctor was carrying some invisible matter on their hands 它们传递到产妇身上,导致死亡 Which they passed on to their maternity patients, causing them to die
为了找出原因,他决定做一项试验 To find out, he conducted a test
他决定让他手下的实习医生用氯溶液洗手 He decided that he would have this student physicians under his control wash their hands in a chlorine solution
结果产妇死亡率骤降到1%,比助产护士的还要底 And suddenly, the percentage of maternal death dropped to one percent, that’s lower than the midwives’
西梅尔威斯因此明白,像产褥热这种传染病只有单一起因 With this demonstration, Semmelweis realized that infectious disease in this case the childbed fever has a single cause,
如果除去感染源,疾病便不会发生 If you limited the source of infection, the disease is not occurred
但在1846年,没人会将细菌和感染联想在一起 But in 1846, no one had made the connection between bacteria and infections
结果他的想法被忽略了 As a result, Semmelweis’s idea was ignored
直到10年后,才有另一位科学家注意到细菌 It would take ten more years before another scientist would turn his attention to germs
他叫路易斯巴斯德 His name, Louis Pasteur
巴斯德的5个孩子有3个死于伤寒 Pasteur had lost his three of five children to typhoid fever
或许这就是他决心找出传染病源的原因 Which perhaps explained why he was determined to find the cause of infectious diseases
巴斯德为酿酒业所做的研究为他指出了正确的方向 It was Pasteur‘s work on behalf of the beer and wine industry that put them on the right track
他想找出该国酿造酒大量变质的原因 Pasteur was trying to find out what was spoiling so much of the counties’ wine production
他发现变质的酒受到微生物的污染,也就是细菌 He discovered that the spoiled wine was contaminated by microorganism, germs
细菌使酒变馊 And the germs were causing the wine to sour
他证明了只要经过简单加热,就能杀死细菌并使酒得以保存 But would a simple heat treatment, he showed that the germ could be killed off and the wine save 巴氏灭菌法由此而生 Pasteurization was born
所以当他想找出传染病和接触性疾病病源 So when he came to finding the cause of infectious and contagious disease 巴斯德知道从何处下手 Pasteur knew where to look
他说细菌导致特定疾病,他用一连串的实验和示范证明 Germs he said caused specific diseases and he proved it through a series of experiments and demonstrations
并得到了他的重大发现 细菌理论 That led to his great discovery, germ theory
细菌理论可以说是现代医学的起源 The germ theory literally marks the beginning of the modern medicine
细菌理论有一个中心概念:一种微生物会使许多人得同一种疾病 The germ theory has one central idea that one microorganism causes one disease in everybody
这种观念现在看来平淡无奇,但这却是最具革命性的医学概念之一 Now today, it seems so obvious but this is what the most revolutionary concepts in medicine
我们都遗传的父母基因 We inherit who we are. 我知道你在想这件事,因为遗传是排名第六的发现 I know you thinking about this because heredity is number six greatest discoveries
遗传法则
19世纪中叶,有位叫做格里高-孟德尔的奥古斯丁修道会修士 In the middle of the 19th century, an Augustine monk named Gregor Mendel
用一连串的实验来探索生物遗传的问题 Took up the question of biological inheritance with a series of experiments
孟德尔天生好问并且热爱大自然 Mendel has a natural inquisitive mind and profound love of the nature
他对科学的兴趣从植物研究一直到气象学和进化理论 His scientific interests range from research on plants to meteorology and the theories of evolution
他工作的地点今天位于捷克的一家修道院 Working at a monastery in what is now the Czech Republic
孟德尔一开始先将不同的豌豆品种杂交 Mendel started by cross-breeding different strands不确定of garden peas
然后观察杂交后代的特征 Then observing the characteristics of their offspring
为什么选择豌豆呢? 他说这么做只是好玩而已 Why choose peas?He did he said for the fun of the thing
孟德尔注意到圆形豌豆和皱缩形的豌豆杂交后 Mendel noticed when he crossed a round peas with a wrinkled one.
其后代都是圆形的 而并非如他预测,掺杂了两种特征 The offspring were round, not the mix of the two characteristics as he had expected
但圆形豌豆的后代经过培育后却出现了掺杂的特征 Yet when he bred the round pea offspring, that was the mix appeared
第二代有圆形和皱缩形两种种子 And second generation has both round and wrinkled seeds
他继续做试验,试图了解是什么生物机制造成某些特征跳过第一代 He continued to experiment, trying to understand what kind of biological mechanism would cause certain characteristics to disappear in the first generation
却在第二代上出现 Only to reappear in the second
之后某天,孟德尔算了一下拥有皱缩形特征的第二代豌豆数目 Then one day, Mendel counted the number of the peas in the second generation that had the wrinkled characteristic
正好1/4的豌豆是皱缩的 Exactly one quarter of the peas were wrinkled
孟德尔在实验中观察到的 What Mendel observed in his experiments 正是现在所称的显性与分离的生物现象 Were the biological phenomena we now refer to as dominance and segregation.
只不过他那时不知道 Only Mendel did know it yet.
然而他的实验确实产生了一些奇怪的现象 Still, his experiments produced a curious set of facts 他形容为:“不得不令人去注意” Which as he said forced themselves upon my noticed.不确定
不管他如何将不同的豌豆品种杂交 Is see no matter how he cross bred the various strains of peas
隐性的特征总会出现,但只出现在1/4的第二代上 The hidden characteristics showed up but only in one quarter of the second generation.
对孟德尔来说,这是个突破 For Mendel, here was the breakthrough
他首度证明了后代的特征,是以某个比例进行的 For the first time, he could demonstrate that the traits of successive generations were inherited in certain miraculous ratios.
也就是说,世界上有能支配遗传的固定的自然法则 In other words, there were fixed laws of that govern heredity.
这使得孟德尔成就了遗传学上的第一个伟大发现 With this insight, Mendel made the first great discovery in the science of genetics
每一个遗传特征,都是由一对他称为“因子”的东西所决定 Each inherited characteristic must be decided by pair o what he called factors
他说,每位父母 都为每一个特征贡献一个因子 Each parent, he said, contribute one factor for each characteristic
有些是显性的,有些是隐性的 Certain factors are dominance, and others are recessive, 取决于后代所继承的因子的组合 depending on the combination of factors the offspring inherit
孟德尔所说的因子叫做“基因” Mendel’s factors are called genes
孟德尔特征这个词被用来形容单一基因引起的特征 The term Mendelian trait is used to describe characteristic caused by a single gene that sometimes reappears on one quarter of the offspring’s
这种特征可能无害 比如雀斑或者卷舌的能力 that characteristics can be innocuous, such as freckles or the ability to coil不确定 your tone.
但它可能导致严重的疾病 But also can lead seriously illnesses 比如囊胞性纤维症或家族黑蒙性痴呆 like cystic fibrosis or Sachssdisease
想想看,这一切均来自一个人对平凡的豌豆所做的研究 Imagine, all that from one man’s work with the humble pea
欢迎回来,我们正在倒数观众票选的史上百大科学发现的前十名 Welcome back, we are counting down your top ten picks for the hundred greatest discoveries in science of all time
以我们知道的历史为限 Well all the time we can manage
下一个发现极为重大,重大到我们每天都看得见 The next one is so fundamental, so much a part of everything we see everyday
实在很难相信人类花了那么久的时间才发现这个现象 And it’s hard indeed to believe that took us humans so long to come across this phenomenon
人们怎么会没注意到地球不是万物的中心呢? How could we noticed that the earth is not the center of things
它和我们正在太空中穿梭,因为… And it and we are traveling through space, you see
地球是会动的 The earth moves
日心说 The year is 1543
1543年 一位70岁的老人即将去世 A seventy-year-old man is dying. His name is Nicolaus Copernicus.
他叫尼古拉-哥白尼,法官兼医生 A doctor and a layer by trade, but for nearly 40 years, he was also an amateur of astronomer.
但40年来他也是一位业余天文学家 A pursue that had let him to challenge one of the fundamental and the sacred believes of his time.
这促使他挑战当时最基本且神圣的信仰 As a young man, Copernicus had studied the heavens
哥白尼年轻时研究星相 and found that the Greek’s earth center system failed
发现古希腊的地心说无法解释星体运动 when it came to predicting the未知 motion.
他开始怀疑是否地球本身也在运动 He began to wonder if the earth itself moved
现在,换成哥白尼的日心说 Here is Copernicus’s idea.
-太阳为中心 With the sun at the center. -太阳为中心 With the sun at the center.
现在所有的行星 And now suddenly, all the planet 都维持同向环形运动,不会停止 are going always the same way around . they are not stop…
哥白尼领悟到太阳为太阳系中心才合理 Copernicus realized the movement of planets was better explained if the sun were the center of the solar system.
而地球就像一般行星围绕太阳运行 And the earth circled it like an ordinary planet.
这是一个革命性的见解 It was a revolutionary insight.
虽然没有什么证据证明日心说 Despite any evidence that the earth was moving, 他写下这本著作,阐述新理论 he came up with this book, which gives his new theory.
这个新观点 这本书改变了世界 This idea, this this book changed the world
是的,把地球视为行星,以太阳为中心 Yes, because it made the earth a planet and it fixed the sun in the center.
如果没有这套基本观点 就无法发展出宇宙物理学的理论 If you don’t have that blueprint you don’t march ahead to the physics, the physics of the cosmos
而本书最后这几页 序文中也有提到 As it happened, the final pages, which was just here in the front of the book
在他去世当天才完成送到他面前 came to him off on the very day he died.
我想,当时他已经因脑溢血瘫痪 As I expect, I mean, he was lying there harshly paralyzed from a stroke .
他可能在等待书印出来才肯咽气 he was probably just hanging there until he could make sure that it was done.
各位票选出来的第四名发现是 元素周期表 Your pick for number four the periodical table of elements
化学元素周期表
1869年,俄国化学家门德列夫正在为学生编写教材 In 1869, a Russian chemistry professor named Dmitry Mendeleyev was writing a text book for his students
他绞尽脑汁想让学生用最佳方式了解当时已知的63种元素 When he began to wonder how he could be best explain them the 63 elements that were known at the time
为了理清思绪,他在一张张卡片上写下各种元素 Help formulating thoughts, he constructed a card for each element
卡片上有元素的名称,原子量,特性,与其他元素相似处 On each card, he wrote the name of the element, its atomic way, its typical properties and its similarities to other elements
他把卡片摆在桌子上像玩单人扑克牌 He then laid the card like a game of solitary 再三重复排列卡片,寻找规则 And began to arrange them over and over, searching for patterns
伟大发现的时刻降临 Then came the moment of discovery.
他发现元素排列非比寻常 Before him is something extraordinary
所有元素可排进7个垂直族群内 The elements fell into 7 vertical groupings
每一组周期族群内的元素在物理上和化学上彼此类似 Each periodical grouping had members that resemble one and other, both chemically and physically.
门德列夫发现了化学元素周期表 这张表显示元素彼此之间的关系 Mendelevium had discovered the periodical table of the elements, a map showing how all the elements related to one and another.
这张表十分精确 A map so precise that 门德列夫相信甚至可以预测尚未发现的3种元素和特性 Mendelevium believed he could also use it to predict the existence and properties of three elements known yet to discovered.
1种是硼 1种是铝 1种是矽 One would like be boron on he said. One like aluminum and one like silicon.
这3种元素最后都被发现了 Eventually, the elements were discovered.
证明门德列夫是对的 And Mendelevium was proved right.
当时出现一点小争议 It was actually a little bit of controversy 当时德国化学家迈尔也有类似概念 because German chemist named . Lothar Meyer had come up with roughly the same idea.
但迈尔没有勇气进一步尝试预测 这其实很有意思 But Meyer didn’t quiet have as much courage, so that’s actually interesting thing
迈尔也提出同样的周期性概念 也有线索 Here this German come up with the same idea of periodicity of which there were hints already before.
但他没有象门德列夫一样预测 But he doesn’t like the predictions like Mendeleev does.
我们见识了大胆预测的力量 So, here we see the power of our risky prediction
要世人接受新理论,没有任何力量高于预测暧昧不明的未来要强大 In having people accept a theory. There is nothing more powerful than making a prediction that is not obvious
-而且这预测又成真了 And have it come true. -没错 Yes have it come true.
化学元素周期表就是我们的逻辑图象 The periodical table is our icon. 我们从这张图开始认识化学 I mean that’s what we associate with chemistry
走进任何化学教室都有这张图 You going to any chemistry room you’ll see it
为什么化学元素周期表这么重要呢? Why is the periodical table of elements significant?
它永远改变人类学习并了解元素的方法 It forever changed the way that everyone would learn and understand the elements.
元素周期表对于化学,就像音符对于贝多芬奏鸣曲一样 The periodical table of elements is to chemistry as notes of music are to Beethoven’s sonata.
为纪念门德列夫 他的名字也放进元素周期表 And in honor of Mendeleev, his name is now literally attached to the periodical table
原子序数101的元素即以他的名字命名 叫做钔 The element 101 was named after him. It’s called mendelevium
不只化学家喜欢元素表 It’s not only the chemists who like the periodical table. 我听说你也随身带着 I hear you carry one around.
-没错,我是随身带了一张 I do carry one. Yes sure. -给我看看 Show me. You ‘ll never know
指不定何时就用到,其实我常常用到它 And I seem to use it a lot.
我看看 Let’s see.
-很小呢 This is smallest. -我要考考你.氮的下面是什么? So I am going to give you a test. What’s under nitrogen
-氮的原子序数是7 Nitrogen is seven. -没错 Yes.
我得想想 是硫 I have to think of a second. It’s sulfur
-你错啦~ No, you are wrong. -所以我随身携带 so I carry it often.
-很接近,差一点,是磷 So, it’s phosphorus. -磷,15.磷的序数是15 Oh. Phosphorus. Phosphorus is 15.
-没错,你得加上8 Yeah. You have to add 8 that point.
所以我随身带着这个表,因为我记不住 Yes, that’s why I carry it. I can’t remember.
7加8是15,就是磷 So it’s seven plus eight, fifteen phosphorus. 确实有规律可循 it’s ok. There is a pattern there. I get it now.
欢迎继续收看本频道百大科学发现的十大精选 Welcome back to the big time of top ten countdown drawn from the science channel’s hundred greatest discoveries
你加入的正巧,正是时候 You rejoined at a perfect moment, just the right time
我们将介绍首先质疑时间稳定性及规律性等常识的人 We are covering the man who first question the common sense perception of the steady and regular passage of time
它能安然流逝绝非理所当然 It doesn’t sail swimmingly with no flux and flow
时间是空间的一部分 Now time is somehow part of space, 在宇宙间盘旋的是股重要的原力 soaring through our universe are fundamental forces
首先参透这个违反直观自然现象的人 The countering of two natures of which were first grasped 是一位在十大发现里连占2席的人 by a man for whom you assigned two 待定top ten’s bots
阿尔伯特-爱因斯坦 Albert Einstein
质量与能量互换定律
能量等于质量乘以光速的平方也许是最众所周知的方程式 E equal mc square may be the most famous equation known
它是怎么出现的? Where did it come from?
爱因斯坦利用相对论证实,当你接近光速时会产生诡异的变化 Einstein use relativity to show that as you approach light speed bizarre it distortion displace
时间流动变慢 空间会缩小,重量会增加 Time beats slower, space contracts and you get heavier
移动的越快,质量就越大 The faster you move the heavier you get
想想看 Now think about that, 动能让你重量增加,这个质量M来自于速度与能量 the energy of motion has turned into making you heavier. M came from velocity energy,
他的做法如下 他想象一个手电筒射出光束 here is how he did it. He imagined a flashlight, a flashlight shooting a light beam
他知道手电筒发出多少能量,但手电筒的重量却减轻 exactly how much the energy came out of the flashlight, but the flashlight he showed weightless
手电筒由于发射光束而减轻重量 the flashlight weights less by meeting a beam of light
所以光的能量E来自于手电筒的质量M therefore the e of light came from the m of the flashlight 其比率为光速C的平方,这就是其的原理 And the ratio is c square. That’s how it’s done
从这个方程式可知, 一个小质量的物质可以包含庞大能量 The equation also hinted that enormous amount of energy contain even a small quantity of matter
如果我朝你丢棒球,你接住了 Suppose I throw a baseball, you cash the fast 我丢的越快,它的能量越大 As throw more energy, it’s got
如果它现在静止不动呢? 爱因斯坦演算方程式时发现 And what about when it’s stand still. When Einstein goes through the equation
即使静止不动它也包含巨大的能量 He find even with a stand still is still there is a lot of energy
你如果运算一下方程式,它的确包含了巨大的能量 In fact when you do the equations. It got enormous amount of energy
过山车在坡道顶点时,其动能接近于0 What roller coaster is at the top of the hill, its energy of motion is almost zero. 但还是充满能量 But it’s still fill with energy
潜在的能量转化为大量的动能,就是在过山车冲下坡道的时候 Potential energy which is about to be converted into huge energy of motion as the roller coaster comes screamingly down the hill
爱因斯坦的意思是,物体的核心都蕴藏能量 What Einstein said was the 待定energy in the very pith of matter
即使是质子里头,也有巨大的能量 That even a proton has within it an immense of energy
爱因斯坦的发现是科学上一个巨大进步 Einstein’s discovery was a gigantic leap for science
我们才得以一窥原子威力的面目 Our first real glimpse into the power of the atom
票选出的第二大发现是 广义相对论 Your second greatest discovery, general relativity
广义相对论
一位无名的小职员在瑞士专利局的沉思研究 揭开了宇宙的神秘面纱 Thanks to the musing of an obscure clerk worked in the Swiss patent office.Our next great discovery revealed that the universe is a strange, mysterious place.
那位职员就是阿尔伯特-爱因斯坦 That clerk was Albert Einstein
在20世纪初期 爱因斯坦跟所有的科学家都十分困惑 In the early 19 hundreds, he was puzzled, along with the rest scientific community.
就是水星绕太阳的运转轨道 By the orbit of the planet mercury.
虽然牛顿的万有引力定律能精确预测行星运动 Despite the ability of Newton’s laws of gravity to precisely predict the motion of planets.
但却无法正确预测水星的轨道 The laws failed when it came to correctly predicting mercury’s orbit.
问题出在水星的近日点 即水星运动到最靠近太阳的位置 The puzzle had to do mercury’s perihelion, That point of the orbit which is closest to the sun.
每个世纪水星近日点都略为前移 牛顿力学公式无法解释这个现象 Every century mercury’s perihelion advance slightly.
年轻的爱因斯坦提出大胆惊人假设 揭开水星轨道运行之谜 A change that Newton’s equations could not account for.
同时也修正了牛顿的万有引力定律 In the bold and startling move, young Einstein proposed his own theory to explain the puzzle of mercury’s orbit.
加来道雄是纽约市立大学理论物理学教授 Michio Kaku is the theoretical physicians of the city University of New York.
牛顿说引力传递是瞬间的 And Newton says that gravity travels instantaneous surround space. 爱因斯坦认为牛顿这一点理论有缺陷 And that’s why Einstein thought that is a weakness in Newton’s theory.
他想找出理论解释引力,合理解释加速度运动,弯曲与圆周运动 He wanted the theory that could explain gravity; he wanted the theory that could explain acceleration, zigzag and circular motion.
一定有波,就是重力波 重力波要花点时间才能起作用 It has to be waves, gravity waves. It takes time for gravity to work its magic.
传递 传递重力波 To propagate. To propagate.
如果太阳消失,我们要8分钟后才知道,就算重力以光速传递 So if the sun disappears, it will take 8 minutes for us to know about that fact. Even gravity travels at this speed of light.
爱因斯坦也需要用另一种方式来解释,那就是空间弯曲 Einstein needed a new picture to explain that and that picture was curved space
空间本身就是弯曲的 因此星体能够运动 that space itself has curved. And that’s why objects move.
爱因斯坦相信他的空间弯曲可以解释水星轨道移动 Einstein believed that his concept of curved space was responsible for shifting mercury’s orbit.
他称之为“广义相对论” Einstein called his idea the theory of general relativity.
想象有一个网状的软垫 放一颗保龄球在网状软垫的中央 Imagine a trampling net that place a bowling ball in the middle of the trampling net.
保龄球会使网状软垫中央下陷 A bowling sinks into the trampling net
如果保龄球发射一枚弹珠围着网状软垫绕圈 And then show a marble, a marble around the trampling net.
那颗弹珠就会围绕着保龄球绕轨道运行 The marble will orbit, orbit around the bowling ball.
从高往下看, Now, from a distant looking down, 牛顿的力学原理说有股无形的瞬间力量将弹珠拉向保龄球 Newton would say that there is a force and instantaneous invisible force puling, pulling the marble down to the bowling ball
但爱因斯坦则说并没有什么力量拉扯 But Einstein would say that’s no force, there’s no pull.
那只是个网状软垫效应 It’s just a trampling net
那为什么弹珠仍然绕保龄球运转呢? And why is the marble orbiting the around the bowling ball?
因为网状软垫在推挤弹珠 Because the trampling net is pushing the marble.
同理,为什么我能坐在椅子上呢? Therefore why I am sitting on this chair. 并非重力将我往下拉,而是空间把我推向地球 Not because of gravity pose you to the ground. It’s because space pushes me down toward the planet earth.
空间会弯曲的观念实在太匪夷所思让很多人难以接受 The idea that space itself is worked by mass was too strange for many to accept
而日食给了科学家理想的机会来测试爱因斯坦的理论 The approaching solar eclipse gave scientists the perfect opportunity to put Einstein’s new theory to the test.
这些照片是在日食前后拍摄太阳背后的群星 Photographs were taken of the background stars before the ellipse and then afterword
与日食中拍摄的照片相比较 These pictures were then compared with the photo taken during the eclipse.
照片显示日食中当群星的光线通过太阳的重力场时 The photo show that the position of the stars in the eclipse photo shifted slightly inward,
群星位置略向内移,歪曲 bending is the lights of the stars pass the sun’s gravitational field.
爱因斯坦的广义相对论是正确的 Einstein’s theory of general relativity was right.
他的伟大发现震惊了全世界 His great discovery rocked the world.
广义相对论深深震撼了每个看到这些等式的人 General relativity strikes deep emotional core and anyone who’s ever looked these equations.
这些等式写起来只有一英寸长 These equations are one inch long and
但它们解答了永恒的疑问 they answer the 未知question that dogas 不确定
从人类仰望星空开始就一直纠缠我们的问题:这到底有什么涵义? ever since we first look into the sky and ask ourselves the question what’s it all mean.
在我们按下主控室的按钮前 Now before we push the big button in the control boose不确定
在我们替卫星和电缆的影像检视器加强讯号前 Before we volt up to that video in the sky and on the cable
在我们结束为这史上第一科学发现进行长篇大论的介绍前 Before we stop with this long introduction to the number one great discovery in science so far,
我想先说明,这个发现具有争议性,会激怒某些人士 I just want point out that this one is controversial. This one get people hackles harkened
不管你作何感想 No matter how you feel about it, 请记住,下面这位夺冠的发现者 bear in mind that our next number one discoverer came across
偶然间发现了让他惊讶的自然现象,而他试着解释所见所闻 Some things in nature that surprise them and he tried to explain what he saw
这不是某个想捣乱的家伙的故事 It’s not the story of a guy just try to cause trouble
而是讲述某人如何提出你我眼中堪称史上第一的科学发现 It’s the story of guy who made what you and I consider the number one discovery in science so far
自然选择
自然选择 Natural selection
动手术在1820年代是可怕的事情 当时没有麻醉药 In the eighteen twenties, surgery was a grisly affair.There was no anesthetic
年轻的医生还得边看边学 And young medical students were forced to watch and learn,
那天夺门而出的年轻人正是达尔文 The young man who worked out that day was Charles Darwin.
他无法承受手术室的折磨 He audeal不确定 of the operating room was too much for him.
他不顾父亲的反对,离开医学院 Over his father’s subjection, he quit medical school
追求成为博物学家的梦想 To pursue his dream of becoming a naturalist.
达尔文在英国皇家海军小猎犬号上受聘担任博物学家 Darwin was hired as a naturalist to board the British 待定amoulty HMS Beagle
这艘船的目的是为了侦察与绘制全世界的沿岸水域地图 Which embarked on expedition to survey and map coast water around the world
小猎犬号出航了5年,但对达尔文来说却是一辈子 The beagle was on sea for five years, for Darwin, it seemed an eternity.
他与船长共用一间船舱,他们数度意见不合,包括创世纪的故事 He shared a small cabin with the captain, with whom he has several disagreements, including the story of creation
达尔文! Darwin
船长坚持圣经里创世纪的记载 While the captain held the bible’s account of creation. 达尔文则认为地球是百万年来逐步演变 Darwin believed that the earth had changed slowly over millions of years.
达尔文终身都将面对这种争论 It was a debate that followed Darwin for the rest of his life
-此行是英国政府出资的吗? The British government paid for this. -不是,其实是达尔文的父亲出的旅费 No actually Darwin’s father paid for his voyage.
他还邀请了一位助理跟着达尔文 And also paid for his assistant to come with Darwin and helped him 助理帮忙将标本剥皮以及准备货运的木箱 Skin the specimen and prepare the crates for shipment
他在小船尾板工作 他的标本都放在这里 He worked at little poor deck where he had all his specimens.
大概就像这样 Just about something like this.
小猎犬号停靠在澳大利亚到南美之间的海港 The beagles made stop over ports of Australia to south America
其中有36天停靠在加拉帕戈斯群岛上 Including 36 days in the Galapagos Islands
达尔文充分利用了那次机会 And Darwin made the most of it.
他记录下对当地动植物所做的广泛观察 He recorded the extensive observation about the indigenous plants and wild lives
他搜集保存了数千个标本供研究 He collected preserved thousands of specimens for study
那次航行之后多年,达尔文仍能细数他在小猎犬号上做的观察 For years after the voyage,Darwin recorded the observations he made while aboard the beagle
直到1837年 他从加拉帕戈斯群岛返回后几年 It was not until 1837a couple of years after he returned from the Galapagos Islands
他才打开第一本记载物种的笔记本,问了自己一个问题 He opened his first species notebook and asked himself a question.
对一个快30岁的人来说 这是个野心勃勃的问题 Very ambitious question for a man in late twenties.
什么是生命的法则? What are the laws of life?
-这就是达尔文的中心思想吗? Is this Darwin’s whole point? -是的 It was Darwin’s whole point
试着找到自然世界中的运行法则 To try to find laws operating in the natural worlds and laws 类似物理学家和化学家在无机的自然中寻获的法则 and physicists and chemists had found in inorganic nature.
达尔文在加拉帕戈斯群岛研究动物时,对自然法则的探究逐渐成形 Darwin searched to understand the laws of nature took shape as he studied the animals on the Galapagos Islands
他最感兴趣的是同一物种间的外观差异 Of special interests to him, the physical differences was within a certain species.
比如加拉帕戈斯群岛上的雀鸟有形状各异的喙 For example, the finches on the Galapagos Islands had different shape of beaks
鸟喙的形状随着生存环境的不同而改变 They varied according to the environments where the finches live
有些鸟喙又硬又钝 适合撬开蟹壳 Some had beaks that were hard and blunt, idea for hammering open crab shells
有些鸟喙则细长 适合在岩石间啄食 Others had beaks that were more taper and suited for hunting and packing不确定 among rocks
这样的差异令人困惑 The difference was puzzling
达尔文分析之后 As Darwin analyzed it,
他开始思考 为求生所做的奋斗是所有生命背后的动力 He began thinking about how the struggle to survive was the driving force behind the all life
物种要在其环境中兴盛就得进化 否则就得灭亡 As the species is thriving at its environment, it has to evolve or perish,
以这个简单却震撼力十足的洞见 他创造了历史 With this simple yet powerful insight, history was made.
达尔文发现了进化运行的机制 Darwin discovered the mechanism that made evolution work.
也就是自然选择的过程 The process of natural selection.
这并不是达尔文的创见,对吧? 他的理论有何特殊之处? Darwin isn’t the first guy really come up with this right?
他是第一个想出具体机制的人,也就是物竞天择 What was his special or particular insight?
他是倡导漫长时间的第一人 即这个过程要耗时几百万年 He was the first to come up with the specific mechanism, that‘s natural selection
他是第一个普及生命族谱概念的人 He was the first to popularize the idea deep time millions of years that this process involved
在此概念中 我们与所有生物息息相关 He was the first to popularize the idea of the tree of life, Which were related to all the living things
伟大的遗传学家多布赞斯基曾说: The great geneticist Dobzhansky once said “没有进化,生物学就失去了意义” Nothing in biology makes sense without evolution.
因为今天的生物学就是进化生物学,这是1859年以来生物学的重点 Because biology today is evolutionary biology. That is biology all about. And has been all about since 1859
我们到底从何而来,我们是何种生物? How we got here, what kind of creature we are.
我们如何和自然界的其他生物有关联? How we were related to everything in the nature.
这个理论已经获得确认,我们都是巨大生命族谱中的一部分 It has been established we are all part of wonderful great tree of life.
经由血统和DNA将我们和地球上所有生物连接起来 Plug into a blood line to a DNA that links us to every living thing on earth.
那不是比喻,这些话句句属实 That’s not a matter of foragle不确定. That’s literal.
为什么达尔文20年后才发表他的想法呢? Why did it take Darwin 20 years to publish his ideas?
他知道那将引发宗教抗议 He knew there may be a religious storm protest
他妻子不太高兴他写些与圣经相悖的东西 His own wife was not happy that he was going to write things that were incompatible with the bible
他们刚结婚时,她写信给达尔文说: She wrote him a letter when they first marriage, saying, “我希望你研究的科学不会造成我们永远分离” I hope that your science will not lead us to spend the eternity to very different places
她对此十分担心 And she was seriously concerned about this
终于,达尔文于1859年发表了自然选择的理论 Plus he was trying to build up amount of evidence that would be incontrovertible
他的著作《物种起源》被认为是有史以来最伟大的书之一 Finally in 1859, Darwin published his theory of natural selection.His book, origins of species is considered one of the greatest books ever written.
人们都在讨论进化的理论,是吧? People are talking about the theory of evolution, right?
但达尔文居然说 世上并无绝对的真理 But Darwin was the guy that said that there isn’t any absolute truth there.
身为当代首批思想家的达尔文试图告诉我们 Darwin being one of the first thinkers try to tell us that 科学只是暂时的,它会改变 science is provisional. It changes
-你说的“暂时”是什么意思呢? What do you mean by provisional. -意思是它是现在这个时刻的最佳真理 That the best truth you have in that moment
当你获得更多资料后,发现不能这样解释时,你就必须想出新的理论 And when you get more data, it can’t been explained that way, And you have to get a new theory.
所以它并非永久的真理,它只是暂时的真理,它会改变 So, that is not an eternal truth.It’s a provisional truth.It changes.
而且他不希望人们视进化为信条 And he didn’t want evolution to be accepted an the dogma or a creed
他可能会第一个站出来说:“你若找到更好的理论, 就把它扔掉” He would be the first to say throw out if you got something better
-但我们找不到更好的 But we didn’t find anything better. . -是的 Yes, we didn’t find anything better.
事实上我们发现,达尔文时代想象不到的全新科学 In fact, what we found was that an entire new sciences that were undreamed up in Darwin’s day
经由分子遗传学和DNA研究产生的新科学 ,反而更强化了演化的概念 have come up with the study of molecular genetics and DNA,which enforces the idea of evolution
于是现在不管走到哪里,我们都能看到达尔文科学的产物 so, now, everywhere we look today, we see something from Darwin’s insights
以上就是各位选择的十大重大科学发现 there we had it, your top ten of the greatest discoveries in science
在你为中意的发现没上榜而叉这腰质问我之前 and before you get your arms akimbo that particular favor that didn’t make it, 容我声明本人也有同感 I will say, I feel your pain
看看这张名单,这上面有电磁学吗? look at this list, do you see electromagnetism
搞什么嘛!没有它的话,我现在就不能上电视 I mean I will cry aloud without that right now I wouldn’t be on television
而你…也会在忙别的了 You be doing something else
那其他的“大”的发现像板块构造学说和宇宙大爆炸理论呢? What about those big things like tectonic plates, and the big ***
没有板块,没有推挤的地壳,也就没有我们了 No plates, no jostling earth crust, and no us,
没有大爆炸,也就没有宇宙了 no big ***, no universe as we know it
那张短小的名单也漏掉了那些发现 Your short list did omitted those discoveries too
但最重要的是,我宣布前十名时漏掉了这个故事 Most of all, I miss having this story in the top ten
有位女士在听完迈克尔-法拉第一场电磁学演讲后 A women comes up to Michael Faraday after one of his lectures about electromagnetism
上前问他说:“法拉第先生,这有什么用处呢?” And asked him: MR. Faraday, of what uses it
法拉第回答说:“女士,新生婴儿又有什么用处呢?” And he supposed to said: madam, of what uses of new bored babe
真是深谋,多么远虑,这真是妙极了! I mean how prophetic how forward thinking how brilliant is that
新生儿的用处虽然不大,他们即吵闹,又乱拉尿 I mean newborns aren’t very useful. They are loud. They leak
但世事难料,你永远无法预料,他们未来会有什么成就 But still, you never know, you just never ever can very be sure what they might become
新生儿和电磁学贵在都有潜力 With babes and electromagnetism, it’s all about potential 我希望和各位共勉 and I leave you with that
希望各位看的尽兴,我是过瘾极了 I hope you enjoyour journey with fantastic for me, I met such intriguing people
认识了许多有趣的人,学者,科学历史学家以及诺贝尔奖得主 Researchers, scientist, Nobel laureates
他们全都热爱科学,深知发现的乐趣 all of whom love science And know the joy of discovery
让我们更了解这个世界的每个发现和无数见解 Each of these discoveries and countless other insights that add to our understanding of the world
都值得拿更大的篇幅加以介绍 Is where the more description is give here
但求各位能对其稍加思索,让我们能继续去探索,认知,发现 But here’s hoping you give them all some thought we continue to explore understand and discover
希望一切顺利,再会 Go well, bye�