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(Long) Failure occurs when a
product doesn't do what it
was designed to do. Even if
a product works but not as
well as intended, then this
could be called a failure.
Failure can be due to something
obvious, like a crack, or
it can be more subtle.
Let's take a computer as
an example. A computer could
fail due to a hardware
problem, which you could test
or inspect for, or it could
be due to a software problem,
which you would need someone
who's familiar with programming
to go through the code and
find out the problem.
Failures can also, many times,
be due to a lot of different
reasons that come together
all at once to cause a failure.
And these failures can be a
lot more difficult to investigate.