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This video is Research Process Two - Documenting Sources.
In this video, we will be focussing on why you must document your sources,
when you must do so, and how to do it.
In the social sciences and humanities, APA is the usual method
of citing and referencing sources.
However, always check with your professor regarding
the required style of citation and referencing.
Every field uses a different style,
APA stands for American Psychological Association.
In English courses, you may have been taught to use MLA style.
MLA stands for Modern Language Association.
In History, you may have been taught to use footnotes or endnotes.
This is called Chicago Manual of Style or simply Chicago style.
And there are many others for Math, Chemistry, Engineering, Law and so on.
Today we will only look at APA style.
Because the style is very precise,
make sure you get a good style guide to help you along.
This video will only provide
a very brief overview of some common examples.
So, which are more important, citations or references?
Both, of course, are important.
Often students will make the mistake of assuming that a reference list
is all you need in a research essay.
This is not true.
Research essays require both in-text citations within the body of the essay,
as well as a list of references at the end of the essay.
The difference is that citations appear throughout the essay.
Citations are included in the sentence
near the information to which the citation refers,
placed within parentheses or brackets.
The Reference List is a list of all the sources you've cited in your essay.
Each list is, or ea-, excuse me, each source is listed
with full bibliographic information, in alphabetical order by last name.
Both are equally important.
The citation tells the reader where a particular piece of information
or an idea comes from, but it does so at the point where the information
or idea is included in the essay as you can see in this example.
The reference list however, appears at the end of the essay.
It provides all the information needed
for a reader to find the original source.
So it includes all the bibliographic information
such as the publishing information or the name of the journal
in which an article appears.
The only sources to appear in a reference list,
are those that you have cited in the essay.
Remember these back here.
So citations and ref-, and references are important
because they not only tell the reader where you got your information,
but they also give credit to the original author.
Not providing citations and references is considered plagiarism.
Plagiarism is not simply copying someone else’s words,
but also taking someone’s ideas
or other work without giving credit for it.
So within the body of the essay, whenever you refer to an idea
or a piece of information originally written by someone else,
you must provide an in-text citation
at the point to at which you refer to it.
There are a few ways to introduce someone else’s idea
or a piece of information and provide the citation.
You can include the author’s name as part of the sentence,
then provide the year of publication in parentheses.
You can include the title of the source, in this case Skim,
followed by parentheses containing
the author’s name and date of publication.
You can list more than one author in one citation,
separated by a semicolon.
Finally, if you have a direct quote, rather than a paraphrased sentence,
you must include a page reference.
Note the details of how to list sources in the references list.
For journal articles, a comma follows the last name or the surname.
Space between or excuse me, there's a space after the period
before the next initial.
The seconds author’s name, if there is one,
is also listed with the surname first.
And then the date of publication goes after the authors’ names.
The title of the article follows the date.
It does not have quotation marks - that's MLA style, not APA style.
It is not in italics.
You place a period at the end of the title.
The article title is followed by the name of the journal
which is italicized.
The title of the journal
is followed by a volume number - in this case number 35,
and then issue number inside brackets if there is one.
The final set of numbers is the page numbers of the article -
from the first page to the final page of the article.
After the pages is a period,
which is followed by, if there is one, a DOI number.
The orig-, this original source does not ha-, have a DOI number associated
it-, with it, that's why its got the X's there.
But if there is a DOI number,
it's placed at the very end, as you can see.
And there's no period at the end of the DOI number.
Not all articles will have a DOI number as this is a recently,
uh, a relatively recent innovation to help track digital articles.
In fact, DOI stands for, "Digital Object Identifier".
Now, for newspapers and popular magazines,
you must adapt the format used for academic journals.
You give the full date for newspapers and magazines, with the year first.
Uh, give the newspaper or magazine title as it appears on the cover.
And then you put “pp.” before page numbers.
And you note that, uh, "p." for singular pages and "pp." for multiple pages.
If there is no author given, you do not use “anonymous”
in place of the author’s name.
Instead you just give no author, and you list the source alphabetically
by the first word of the article title - in this case under “R” for Rural.
For electronic sources,
the retrieval information should start with “Retrieved”.
Um, sometimes it's followed by the date -
it's always followed by the web address or the database name.
Ensure that the website address is complete enough
to direct the reader to the information that you used.
Uh, in... in other words, you want to make sure that the, the URL
directs the reader to the document, not to some other place on the website.
The URL should not be a hyperlink, so that what I mean by that is that
the reader shouldn’t be able to click on it and go to the resource.
End the reference with a period,
unless a website address or URL is used.
There's no period after the URL.
And as mentioned, some documents may include a DOI number,
in which case you should include it at the end of the reference,
again with no period at the end of it.
So for websites, you treat the title
of the site like an arti-, article title,
capitalize only the first word
and the word after the colon, if there is one.
You give the URL or other path to get to the... the website.
If no date is available, use n.d. in brackets.
If no author is identified, uh, whether it's an individual author
or a corporate author, um,
begin the reference with the title of the document.
Okay.
For books, you treat the authors’ names exactly as for
peri-, periodicals or journal articles.
So you put the surname first, followed by the initials.
Use the copyright date, uh, which you can usually find
on the second page after the title page in a book.
So use the copyright date for the date of publication.
The title of the book is in italics,
followed by the city where it was published and the name of publisher.
Note the punctuation, there's periods after each main component,
and a colon separates
the place of publishing and the publisher.
Now articles and edited books start out like journal articles,
No quotation marks are used around the titles of the, um,
of the title of the chapter.
The editors of the book are listed immediately following the chapter title.
Note that the word "In" precedes the name or names.
Here the names are listed with the first initial
followed by the surname, followed by Eds, E-D-S period,
which is short for editors.
Note if there is only one editor, of course, you use Ed, without the S.
The Ed or Eds is placed inside parentheses,
and is followed by a comma, then the title of the book.
Inside the next set of brackets is the edition number, if there is one,
then the page numbers for the chapter.
Again, this is the span of page numbers.
Um, not simply the page numbers that, uh, from your citation.
Finally, the publishing information is given -
the location of publication, followed by a colon,
followed by the publisher's name, and a period.
Now, let's test your skill.
Here's a scenario, a situation - you're writing a memo
to a fellow researcher about a problem with a ski hill snow packer.
You've been given a source - how would you fit the quote given,
into a sentence with an intext citation?
So, pause this video for a minute while you try composing
a couple of different ways of doing so.
There are a couple, there are different possible answers
to the question just given - one is to include the author's name
as part of the sentence, as uh, as the quote is be introduced,
So, however, here's the quotation, or, here's the example,
However, John Cruickshank says that, quote,
"the Motorola 2N60713A triac has been found especially durable
in outdoor applications, over a wide temperature range."
End quote, bracket, date of publication, 2002,
comma, p for page number, period, 122, end bracket, and then the period.
Note the puncuation at the end of the sentence.
The end quote quotation marks are placed after the last word
of the quote, followed by a space, then the parenthetical citation,
page number where the quote is found, close bracket,
and finally the period.
In the next example, oh, there's the circle,
in the next example, the author's name is not used in the sentence,
therefore, it must be included in the citation.
Finally, if you paraphrase the information,
rather than using a direct quote, you do need, do not need to include
the page numbers in the citation - you only need page numbers
when you have a direct quotation.
So, in this video, we have discussed
why citations and references are important,
as well as how to format them correctly following APA sytle.
Because there are many different ways to cite and reference information,
always check with your professor as to which format
you are required to use,
and always have a good style guide close at hand.
Thank you for listening.