Tip:
Highlight text to annotate it
X
CHAPTER IV FIRST WEEKS ON THE ISLAND
When I waked it was broad day, the weather clear, and the storm abated, so that the
sea did not rage and swell as before.
But that which surprised me most was, that the ship was lifted off in the night from
the sand where she lay by the swelling of the tide, and was driven up almost as far
as the rock which I at first mentioned,
where I had been so bruised by the wave dashing me against it.
This being within about a mile from the shore where I was, and the ship seeming to
stand upright still, I wished myself on board, that at least I might save some
necessary things for my use.
When I came down from my apartment in the tree, I looked about me again, and the
first thing I found was the boat, which lay, as the wind and the sea had tossed her
up, upon the land, about two miles on my right hand.
I walked as far as I could upon the shore to have got to her; but found a neck or
inlet of water between me and the boat which was about half a mile broad; so I
came back for the present, being more
intent upon getting at the ship, where I hoped to find something for my present
subsistence.
A little after noon I found the sea very calm, and the tide ebbed so far out that I
could come within a quarter of a mile of the ship.
And here I found a fresh renewing of my grief; for I saw evidently that if we had
kept on board we had been all safe-that is to say, we had all got safe on shore, and I
had not been so miserable as to be left
entirety destitute of all comfort and company as I now was.
This forced tears to my eyes again; but as there was little relief in that, I
resolved, if possible, to get to the ship; so I pulled off my clothes-for the weather
was hot to extremity-and took the water.
But when I came to the ship my difficulty was still greater to know how to get on
board; for, as she lay aground, and high out of the water, there was nothing within
my reach to lay hold of.
I swam round her twice, and the second time I spied a small piece of rope, which I
wondered I did not see at first, hung down by the fore-chains so low, as that with
great difficulty I got hold of it, and by
the help of that rope I got up into the forecastle of the ship.
Here I found that the ship was bulged, and had a great deal of water in her hold, but
that she lay so on the side of a bank of hard sand, or, rather earth, that her stern
lay lifted up upon the bank, and her head low, almost to the water.
By this means all her quarter was free, and all that was in that part was dry; for you
may be sure my first work was to search, and to see what was spoiled and what was
free.
And, first, I found that all the ship's provisions were dry and untouched by the
water, and being very well disposed to eat, I went to the bread room and filled my
pockets with biscuit, and ate it as I went
about other things, for I had no time to lose.
I also found some rum in the great cabin, of which I took a large dram, and which I
had, indeed, need enough of to spirit me for what was before me.
Now I wanted nothing but a boat to furnish myself with many things which I foresaw
would be very necessary to me.
It was in vain to sit still and wish for what was not to be had; and this extremity
roused my application.
We had several spare yards, and two or three large spars of wood, and a spare
topmast or two in the ship; I resolved to fall to work with these, and I flung as
many of them overboard as I could manage
for their weight, tying every one with a rope, that they might not drive away.
When this was done I went down the ship's side, and pulling them to me, I tied four
of them together at both ends as well as I could, in the form of a raft, and laying
two or three short pieces of plank upon
them crossways, I found I could walk upon it very well, but that it was not able to
bear any great weight, the pieces being too light.
So I went to work, and with a carpenter's saw I cut a spare topmast into three
lengths, and added them to my raft, with a great deal of labour and pains.
But the hope of furnishing myself with necessaries encouraged me to go beyond what
I should have been able to have done upon another occasion.
My raft was now strong enough to bear any reasonable weight.
My next care was what to load it with, and how to preserve what I laid upon it from
the surf of the sea; but I was not long considering this.
I first laid all the planks or boards upon it that I could get, and having considered
well what I most wanted, I got three of the ***'s chests, which I had broken open,
and emptied, and lowered them down upon my
raft; the first of these I filled with provisions-viz. bread, rice, three Dutch
cheeses, five pieces of dried goat's flesh (which we lived much upon), and a little
remainder of European corn, which had been
laid by for some fowls which we brought to sea with us, but the fowls were killed.
There had been some barley and wheat together; but, to my great disappointment,
I found afterwards that the rats had eaten or spoiled it all.
As for liquors, I found several, cases of bottles belonging to our skipper, in which
were some cordial waters; and, in all, about five or six gallons of rack.
These I stowed by themselves, there being no need to put them into the chest, nor any
room for them.
While I was doing this, I found the tide begin to flow, though very calm; and I had
the mortification to see my coat, shirt, and waistcoat, which I had left on the
shore, upon the sand, swim away.
As for my breeches, which were only linen, and open-kneed, I swam on board in them and
my stockings.
However, this set me on rummaging for clothes, of which I found enough, but took
no more than I wanted for present use, for I had others things which my eye was more
upon-as, first, tools to work with on shore.
And it was after long searching that I found out the carpenter's chest, which was,
indeed, a very useful prize to me, and much more valuable than a shipload of gold would
have been at that time.
I got it down to my raft, whole as it was, without losing time to look into it, for I
knew in general what it contained. My next care was for some ammunition and
arms.
There were two very good fowling-pieces in the great cabin, and two pistols.
These I secured first, with some powder- horns and a small bag of shot, and two old
rusty swords.
I knew there were three barrels of powder in the ship, but knew not where our gunner
had stowed them; but with much search I found them, two of them dry and good, the
third had taken water.
Those two I got to my raft with the arms.
And now I thought myself pretty well freighted, and began to think how I should
get to shore with them, having neither sail, oar, nor rudder; and the least capful
of wind would have overset all my navigation.
I had three encouragements-1st, a smooth, calm sea; 2ndly, the tide rising, and
setting in to the shore; 3rdly, what little wind there was blew me towards the land.
And thus, having found two or three broken oars belonging to the boat-and, besides the
tools which were in the chest, I found two saws, an axe, and a hammer; with this cargo
I put to sea.
For a mile or thereabouts my raft went very well, only that I found it drive a little
distant from the place where I had landed before; by which I perceived that there was
some indraft of the water, and consequently
I hoped to find some creek or river there, which I might make use of as a port to get
to land with my cargo. As I imagined, so it was.
There appeared before me a little opening of the land, and I found a strong current
of the tide set into it; so I guided my raft as well as I could, to keep in the
middle of the stream.
But here I had like to have suffered a second shipwreck, which, if I had, I think
verily would have broken my heart; for, knowing nothing of the coast, my raft ran
aground at one end of it upon a shoal, and
not being aground at the other end, it wanted but a little that all my cargo had
slipped off towards the end that was afloat, and to fallen into the water.
I did my utmost, by setting my back against the chests, to keep them in their places,
but could not thrust off the raft with all my strength; neither durst I stir from the
posture I was in; but holding up the chests
with all my might, I stood in that manner near half-an-hour, in which time the rising
of the water brought me a little more upon a level; and a little after, the water
still-rising, my raft floated again, and I
thrust her off with the oar I had into the channel, and then driving up higher, I at
length found myself in the mouth of a little river, with land on both sides, and
a strong current of tide running up.
I looked on both sides for a proper place to get to shore, for I was not willing to
be driven too high up the river: hoping in time to see some ships at sea, and
therefore resolved to place myself as near the coast as I could.
At length I spied a little cove on the right shore of the creek, to which with
great pain and difficulty I guided my raft, and at last got so near that, reaching
ground with my oar, I could thrust her directly in.
But here I had like to have dipped all my cargo into the sea again; for that shore
lying pretty steep-that is to say sloping- there was no place to land, but where one
end of my float, if it ran on shore, would
lie so high, and the other sink lower, as before, that it would endanger my cargo
again.
All that I could do was to wait till the tide was at the highest, keeping the raft
with my oar like an anchor, to hold the side of it fast to the shore, near a flat
piece of ground, which I expected the water would flow over; and so it did.
As soon as I found water enough-for my raft drew about a foot of water-I thrust her
upon that flat piece of ground, and there fastened or moored her, by sticking my two
broken oars into the ground, one on one
side near one end, and one on the other side near the other end; and thus I lay
till the water ebbed away, and left my raft and all my cargo safe on shore.
My next work was to view the country, and seek a proper place for my habitation, and
where to stow my goods to secure them from whatever might happen.
Where I was, I yet knew not; whether on the continent or on an island; whether
inhabited or not inhabited; whether in danger of wild beasts or not.
There was a hill not above a mile from me, which rose up very steep and high, and
which seemed to overtop some other hills, which lay as in a ridge from it northward.
I took out one of the fowling-pieces, and one of the pistols, and a horn of powder;
and thus armed, I travelled for discovery up to the top of that hill, where, after I
had with great labour and difficulty got to
the top, I saw my fate, to my great affliction-viz. that I was in an island
environed every way with the sea: no land to be seen except some rocks, which lay a
great way off; and two small islands, less
than this, which lay about three leagues to the west.
I found also that the island I was in was barren, and, as I saw good reason to
believe, uninhabited except by wild beasts, of whom, however, I saw none.
Yet I saw abundance of fowls, but knew not their kinds; neither when I killed them
could I tell what was fit for food, and what not.
At my coming back, I shot at a great bird which I saw sitting upon a tree on the side
of a great wood.
I believe it was the first gun that had been fired there since the creation of the
world.
I had no sooner fired, than from all parts of the wood there arose an innumerable
number of fowls, of many sorts, making a confused screaming and crying, and every
one according to his usual note, but not one of them of any kind that I knew.
As for the creature I killed, I took it to be a kind of hawk, its colour and beak
resembling it, but it had no talons or claws more than common.
Its flesh was carrion, and fit for nothing.
Contented with this discovery, I came back to my raft, and fell to work to bring my
cargo on shore, which took me up the rest of that day.
What to do with myself at night I knew not, nor indeed where to rest, for I was afraid
to lie down on the ground, not knowing but some wild beast might devour me, though, as
I afterwards found, there was really no need for those fears.
However, as well as I could, I barricaded myself round with the chest and boards that
I had brought on shore, and made a kind of hut for that night's lodging.
As for food, I yet saw not which way to supply myself, except that I had seen two
or three creatures like hares run out of the wood where I shot the fowl.
I now began to consider that I might yet get a great many things out of the ship
which would be useful to me, and particularly some of the rigging and sails,
and such other things as might come to
land; and I resolved to make another voyage on board the vessel, if possible.
And as I knew that the first storm that blew must necessarily break her all in
pieces, I resolved to set all other things apart till I had got everything out of the
ship that I could get.
Then I called a council-that is to say in my thoughts-whether I should take back the
raft; but this appeared impracticable: so I resolved to go as before, when the tide was
down; and I did so, only that I stripped
before I went from my hut, having nothing on but my chequered shirt, a pair of linen
drawers, and a pair of pumps on my feet.
I got on board the ship as before, and prepared a second raft; and, having had
experience of the first, I neither made this so unwieldy, nor loaded it so hard,
but yet I brought away several things very
useful to me; as first, in the carpenters stores I found two or three bags full of
nails and spikes, a great screw-jack, a dozen or two of hatchets, and, above all,
that most useful thing called a grindstone.
All these I secured, together with several things belonging to the gunner,
particularly two or three iron crows, and two barrels of musket bullets, seven
muskets, another fowling-piece, with some
small quantity of powder more; a large bagful of small shot, and a great roll of
sheet-lead; but this last was so heavy, I could not hoist it up to get it over the
ship's side.
Besides these things, I took all the men's clothes that I could find, and a spare
fore-topsail, a hammock, and some bedding; and with this I loaded my second raft, and
brought them all safe on shore, to my very great comfort.
I was under some apprehension, during my absence from the land, that at least my
provisions might be devoured on shore: but when I came back I found no sign of any
visitor; only there sat a creature like a
wild cat upon one of the chests, which, when I came towards it, ran away a little
distance, and then stood still.
She sat very composed and unconcerned, and looked full in my face, as if she had a
mind to be acquainted with me.
I presented my gun at her, but, as she did not understand it, she was perfectly
unconcerned at it, nor did she offer to stir away; upon which I tossed her a bit of
biscuit, though by the way, I was not very
free of it, for my store was not great: however, I spared her a bit, I say, and she
went to it, smelled at it, and ate it, and looked (as if pleased) for more; but I
thanked her, and could spare no more: so she marched off.
Having got my second cargo on shore-though I was fain to open the barrels of powder,
and bring them by parcels, for they were too heavy, being large casks-I went to work
to make me a little tent with the sail and
some poles which I cut for that purpose: and into this tent I brought everything
that I knew would spoil either with rain or sun; and I piled all the empty chests and
casks up in a circle round the tent, to
fortify it from any sudden attempt, either from man or beast.
When I had done this, I blocked up the door of the tent with some boards within, and an
empty chest set up on end without; and spreading one of the beds upon the ground,
laying my two pistols just at my head, and
my gun at length by me, I went to bed for the first time, and slept very quietly all
night, for I was very weary and heavy; for the night before I had slept little, and
had laboured very hard all day to fetch all
those things from the ship, and to get them on shore.
I had the biggest magazine of all kinds now that ever was laid up, I believe, for one
man: but I was not satisfied still, for while the ship sat upright in that posture,
I thought I ought to get everything out of
her that I could; so every day at low water I went on board, and brought away something
or other; but particularly the third time I went I brought away as much of the rigging
as I could, as also all the small ropes and
rope-twine I could get, with a piece of spare canvas, which was to mend the sails
upon occasion, and the barrel of wet gunpowder.
In a word, I brought away all the sails, first and last; only that I was fain to cut
them in pieces, and bring as much at a time as I could, for they were no more useful to
be sails, but as mere canvas only.
But that which comforted me more still, was, that last of all, after I had made
five or six such voyages as these, and thought I had nothing more to expect from
the ship that was worth my meddling with-I
say, after all this, I found a great hogshead of bread, three large runlets of
rum, or spirits, a box of sugar, and a barrel of fine flour; this was surprising
to me, because I had given over expecting
any more provisions, except what was spoiled by the water.
I soon emptied the hogshead of the bread, and wrapped it up, parcel by parcel, in
pieces of the sails, which I cut out; and, in a word, I got all this safe on shore
also.
The next day I made another voyage, and now, having plundered the ship of what was
portable and fit to hand out, I began with the cables.
Cutting the great cable into pieces, such as I could move, I got two cables and a
hawser on shore, with all the ironwork I could get; and having cut down the
spritsail-yard, and the mizzen-yard, and
everything I could, to make a large raft, I loaded it with all these heavy goods, and
came away.
But my good luck began now to leave me; for this raft was so unwieldy, and so
overladen, that, after I had entered the little cove where I had landed the rest of
my goods, not being able to guide it so
handily as I did the other, it overset, and threw me and all my cargo into the water.
As for myself, it was no great harm, for I was near the shore; but as to my cargo, it
was a great part of it lost, especially the iron, which I expected would have been of
great use to me; however, when the tide was
out, I got most of the pieces of the cable ashore, and some of the iron, though with
infinite labour; for I was fain to dip for it into the water, a work which fatigued me
very much.
After this, I went every day on board, and brought away what I could get.
I had been now thirteen days on shore, and had been eleven times on board the ship, in
which time I had brought away all that one pair of hands could well be supposed
capable to bring; though I believe verily,
had the calm weather held, I should have brought away the whole ship, piece by
piece.
But preparing the twelfth time to go on board, I found the wind began to rise:
however, at low water I went on board, and though I thought I had rummaged the cabin
so effectually that nothing more could be
found, yet I discovered a locker with drawers in it, in one of which I found two
or three razors, and one pair of large scissors, with some ten or a dozen of good
knives and forks: in another I found about
thirty-six pounds value in money-some European coin, some Brazil, some pieces of
eight, some gold, and some silver.
I smiled to myself at the sight of this money: "O drug!" said I, aloud, "what art
thou good for?
Thou art not worth to me-no, not the taking off the ground; one of those knives is
worth all this heap; I have no manner of use for thee-e'en remain where thou art,
and go to the bottom as a creature whose
life is not worth saying." However, upon second thoughts I took it away; and
wrapping all this in a piece of canvas, I began to think of making another raft; but
while I was preparing this, I found the sky
overcast, and the wind began to rise, and in a quarter of an hour it blew a fresh
gale from the shore.
It presently occurred to me that it was in vain to pretend to make a raft with the
wind offshore; and that it was my business to be gone before the tide of flood began,
otherwise I might not be able to reach the shore at all.
Accordingly, I let myself down into the water, and swam across the channel, which
lay between the ship and the sands, and even that with difficulty enough, partly
with the weight of the things I had about
me, and partly the roughness of the water; for the wind rose very hastily, and before
it was quite high water it blew a storm.
But I had got home to my little tent, where I lay, with all my wealth about me, very
secure.
It blew very hard all night, and in the morning, when I looked out, behold, no more
ship was to be seen!
I was a little surprised, but recovered myself with the satisfactory reflection
that I had lost no time, nor abated any diligence, to get everything out of her
that could be useful to me; and that,
indeed, there was little left in her that I was able to bring away, if I had had more
time.
I now gave over any more thoughts of the ship, or of anything out of her, except
what might drive on shore from her wreck; as, indeed, divers pieces of her afterwards
did; but those things were of small use to me.
My thoughts were now wholly employed about securing myself against either savages, if
any should appear, or wild beasts, if any were in the island; and I had many thoughts
of the method how to do this, and what kind
of dwelling to make-whether I should make me a cave in the earth, or a tent upon the
earth; and, in short, I resolved upon both; the manner and description of which, it may
not be improper to give an account of.
I soon found the place I was in was not fit for my settlement, because it was upon a
low, moorish ground, near the sea, and I believed it would not be wholesome, and
more particularly because there was no
fresh water near it; so I resolved to find a more healthy and more convenient spot of
ground.
I consulted several things in my situation, which I found would he proper for me: 1st,
health and fresh water, I just now mentioned; 2ndly, shelter from the heat of
the sun; 3rdly, security from ravenous
creatures, whether man or beast; 4thly, a view to the sea, that if God sent any ship
in sight, I might not lose any advantage for my deliverance, of which I was not
willing to banish all my expectation yet.
In search of a place proper for this, I found a little plain on the side of a
rising hill, whose front towards this little plain was steep as a house-side, so
that nothing could come down upon me from the top.
On the one side of the rock there was a hollow place, worn a little way in, like
the entrance or door of a cave but there was not really any cave or way into the
rock at all.
On the flat of the green, just before this hollow place, I resolved to pitch my tent.
This plain was not above a hundred yards broad, and about twice as long, and lay
like a green before my door; and, at the end of it, descended irregularly every way
down into the low ground by the seaside.
It was on the N.N.W. side of the hill; so that it was sheltered from the heat every
day, till it came to a W. and by S. sun, or thereabouts, which, in those countries, is
near the setting.
Before I set up my tent I drew a half- circle before the hollow place, which took
in about ten yards in its semi-diameter from the rock, and twenty yards in its
diameter from its beginning and ending.
In this half-circle I pitched two rows of strong stakes, driving them into the ground
till they stood very firm like piles, the biggest end being out of the ground above
five feet and a half, and sharpened on the top.
The two rows did not stand above six inches from one another.
Then I took the pieces of cable which I had cut in the ship, and laid them in rows, one
upon another, within the circle, between these two rows of stakes, up to the top,
placing other stakes in the inside, leaning
against them, about two feet and a half high, like a spur to a post; and this fence
was so strong, that neither man nor beast could get into it or over it.
This cost me a great deal of time and labour, especially to cut the piles in the
woods, bring them to the place, and drive them into the earth.
The entrance into this place I made to be, not by a door, but by a short ladder to go
over the top; which ladder, when I was in, I lifted over after me; and so I was
completely fenced in and fortified, as I
thought, from all the world, and consequently slept secure in the night,
which otherwise I could not have done; though, as it appeared afterwards, there
was no need of all this caution from the enemies that I apprehended danger from.
Into this fence or fortress, with infinite labour, I carried all my riches, all my
provisions, ammunition, and stores, of which you have the account above; and I
made a large tent, which to preserve me
from the rains that in one part of the year are very violent there, I made double-one
smaller tent within, and one larger tent above it; and covered the uppermost with a
large tarpaulin, which I had saved among the sails.
And now I lay no more for a while in the bed which I had brought on shore, but in a
hammock, which was indeed a very good one, and belonged to the mate of the ship.
Into this tent I brought all my provisions, and everything that would spoil by the wet;
and having thus enclosed all my goods, I made up the entrance, which till now I had
left open, and so passed and repassed, as I said, by a short ladder.
When I had done this, I began to work my way into the rock, and bringing all the
earth and stones that I dug down out through my tent, I laid them up within my
fence, in the nature of a terrace, so that
it raised the ground within about a foot and a half; and thus I made me a cave, just
behind my tent, which served me like a cellar to my house.
It cost me much labour and many days before all these things were brought to
perfection; and therefore I must go back to some other things which took up some of my
thoughts.
At the same time it happened, after I had laid my scheme for the setting up my tent,
and making the cave, that a storm of rain falling from a thick, dark cloud, a sudden
flash of lightning happened, and after that
a great clap of thunder, as is naturally the effect of it.
I was not so much surprised with the lightning as I was with the thought which
darted into my mind as swift as the lightning itself-Oh, my powder!
My very heart sank within me when I thought that, at one blast, all my powder might be
destroyed; on which, not my defence only, but the providing my food, as I thought,
entirely depended.
I was nothing near so anxious about my own danger, though, had the powder took fire, I
should never have known who had hurt me.
Such impression did this make upon me, that after the storm was over I laid aside all
my works, my building and fortifying, and applied myself to make bags and boxes, to
separate the powder, and to keep it a
little and a little in a parcel, in the hope that, whatever might come, it might
not all take fire at once; and to keep it so apart that it should not be possible to
make one part fire another.
I finished this work in about a fortnight; and I think my powder, which in all was
about two hundred and forty pounds weight, was divided in not less than a hundred
parcels.
As to the barrel that had been wet, I did not apprehend any danger from that; so I
placed it in my new cave, which, in my fancy, I called my kitchen; and the rest I
hid up and down in holes among the rocks,
so that no wet might come to it, marking very carefully where I laid it.
In the interval of time while this was doing, I went out once at least every day
with my gun, as well to divert myself as to see if I could kill anything fit for food;
and, as near as I could, to acquaint myself with what the island produced.
The first time I went out, I presently discovered that there were goats in the
island, which was a great satisfaction to me; but then it was attended with this
misfortune to me-viz. that they were so
shy, so subtle, and so swift of foot, that it was the most difficult thing in the
world to come at them; but I was not discouraged at this, not doubting but I
might now and then shoot one, as it soon
happened; for after I had found their haunts a little, I laid wait in this manner
for them: I observed if they saw me in the valleys, though they were upon the rocks,
they would run away, as in a terrible
fright; but if they were feeding in the valleys, and I was upon the rocks, they
took no notice of me; from whence I concluded that, by the position of their
optics, their sight was so directed
downward that they did not readily see objects that were above them; so afterwards
I took this method-I always climbed the rocks first, to get above them, and then
had frequently a fair mark.
The first shot I made among these creatures, I killed a she-goat, which had a
little kid by her, which she gave suck to, which grieved me heartily; for when the old
one fell, the kid stood stock still by her,
till I came and took her up; and not only so, but when I carried the old one with me,
upon my shoulders, the kid followed me quite to my enclosure; upon which I laid
down the dam, and took the kid in my arms,
and carried it over my pale, in hopes to have bred it up tame; but it would not eat;
so I was forced to kill it and eat it myself.
These two supplied me with flesh a great while, for I ate sparingly, and saved my
provisions, my bread especially, as much as possibly I could.
Having now fixed my habitation, I found it absolutely necessary to provide a place to
make a fire in, and fuel to burn: and what I did for that, and also how I enlarged my
cave, and what conveniences I made, I shall
give a full account of in its place; but I must now give some little account of
myself, and of my thoughts about living, which, it may well be supposed, were not a
few.
I had a dismal prospect of my condition; for as I was not cast away upon that island
without being driven, as is said, by a violent storm, quite out of the course of
our intended voyage, and a great way, viz.
some hundreds of leagues, out of the ordinary course of the trade of mankind, I
had great reason to consider it as a determination of Heaven, that in this
desolate place, and in this desolate manner, I should end my life.
The tears would run plentifully down my face when I made these reflections; and
sometimes I would expostulate with myself why Providence should thus completely ruin
His creatures, and render them so
absolutely miserable; so without help, abandoned, so entirely depressed, that it
could hardly be rational to be thankful for such a life.
But something always returned swift upon me to check these thoughts, and to reprove me;
and particularly one day, walking with my gun in my hand by the seaside, I was very
pensive upon the subject of my present
condition, when reason, as it were, expostulated with me the other way, thus:
"Well, you are in a desolate condition, it is true; but, pray remember, where are the
rest of you?
Did not you come, eleven of you in the boat?
Where are the ten? Why were they not saved, and you lost?
Why were you singled out?
Is it better to be here or there?" And then I pointed to the sea.
All evils are to be considered with the good that is in them, and with what worse
attends them.
Then it occurred to me again, how well I was furnished for my subsistence, and what
would have been my case if it had not happened (which was a hundred thousand to
one) that the ship floated from the place
where she first struck, and was driven so near to the shore that I had time to get
all these things out of her; what would have been my case, if I had been forced to
have lived in the condition in which I at
first came on shore, without necessaries of life, or necessaries to supply and procure
them?
"Particularly," said I, aloud (though to myself), "what should I have done without a
gun, without ammunition, without any tools to make anything, or to work with, without
clothes, bedding, a tent, or any manner of
covering?" and that now I had all these to sufficient quantity, and was in a fair way
to provide myself in such a manner as to live without my gun, when my ammunition was
spent: so that I had a tolerable view of
subsisting, without any want, as long as I lived; for I considered from the beginning
how I would provide for the accidents that might happen, and for the time that was to
come, even not only after my ammunition
should be spent, but even after my health and strength should decay.
I confess I had not entertained any notion of my ammunition being destroyed at one
blast-I mean my powder being blown up by lightning; and this made the thoughts of it
so surprising to me, when it lightened and thundered, as I observed just now.
And now being about to enter into a melancholy relation of a scene of silent
life, such, perhaps, as was never heard of in the world before, I shall take it from
its beginning, and continue it in its order.
It was by my account the 30th of September, when, in the manner as above said, I first
set foot upon this horrid island; when the sun, being to us in its autumnal equinox,
was almost over my head; for I reckoned
myself, by observation, to be in the latitude of nine degrees twenty-two minutes
north of the line.
After I had been there about ten or twelve days, it came into my thoughts that I
should lose my reckoning of time for want of books, and pen and ink, and should even
forget the Sabbath days; but to prevent
this, I cut with my knife upon a large post, in capital letters-and making it into
a great cross, I set it up on the shore where I first landed-"I came on shore here
on the 30th September 1659."
Upon the sides of this square post I cut every day a notch with my knife, and every
seventh notch was as long again as the rest, and every first day of the month as
long again as that long one; and thus I
kept my calendar, or weekly, monthly, and yearly reckoning of time.
In the next place, we are to observe that among the many things which I brought out
of the ship, in the several voyages which, as above mentioned, I made to it, I got
several things of less value, but not at
all less useful to me, which I omitted setting down before; as, in particular,
pens, ink, and paper, several parcels in the captain's, mate's, gunner's and
carpenter's keeping; three or four
compasses, some mathematical instruments, dials, perspectives, charts, and books of
navigation, all which I huddled together, whether I might want them or no; also, I
found three very good Bibles, which came to
me in my cargo from England, and which I had packed up among my things; some
Portuguese books also; and among them two or three Popish prayer-books, and several
other books, all which I carefully secured.
And I must not forget that we had in the ship a dog and two cats, of whose eminent
history I may have occasion to say something in its place; for I carried both
the cats with me; and as for the dog, he
jumped out of the ship of himself, and swam on shore to me the day after I went on
shore with my first cargo, and was a trusty servant to me many years; I wanted nothing
that he could fetch me, nor any company
that he could make up to me; I only wanted to have him talk to me, but that would not
do.
As I observed before, I found pens, ink, and paper, and I husbanded them to the
utmost; and I shall show that while my ink lasted, I kept things very exact, but after
that was gone I could not, for I could not
make any ink by any means that I could devise.
And this put me in mind that I wanted many things notwithstanding all that I had
amassed together; and of these, ink was one; as also a spade, pickaxe, and shovel,
to dig or remove the earth; needles, pins,
and thread; as for linen, I soon learned to want that without much difficulty.
This want of tools made every work I did go on heavily; and it was near a whole year
before I had entirely finished my little pale, or surrounded my habitation.
The piles, or stakes, which were as heavy as I could well lift, were a long time in
cutting and preparing in the woods, and more, by far, in bringing home; so that I
spent sometimes two days in cutting and
bringing home one of those posts, and a third day in driving it into the ground;
for which purpose I got a heavy piece of wood at first, but at last bethought myself
of one of the iron crows; which, however,
though I found it, made driving those posts or piles very laborious and tedious work.
But what need I have been concerned at the tediousness of anything I had to do, seeing
I had time enough to do it in? nor had I any other employment, if that had been
over, at least that I could foresee, except
the ranging the island to seek for food, which I did, more or less, every day.
I now began to consider seriously my condition, and the circumstances I was
reduced to; and I drew up the state of my affairs in writing, not so much to leave
them to any that were to come after me-for
I was likely to have but few heirs-as to deliver my thoughts from daily poring over
them, and afflicting my mind; and as my reason began now to master my despondency,
I began to comfort myself as well as I
could, and to set the good against the evil, that I might have something to
distinguish my case from worse; and I stated very impartially, like debtor and
creditor, the comforts I enjoyed against the miseries I suffered, thus:-
On the Evil Side. I am cast upon a horrible, desolate island,
void of all hope of recovery.
On the Good Side. But I am alive; and not drowned, as all my
ship's company were.
Evil I am singled out and separated, as it were, from all the world, to be miserable.
Good But I am singled out, too, from all the ship's crew, to be spared from death;
and He that miraculously saved me from death can deliver me from this condition.
Evil I am divided from mankind-a solitaire; one banished from human society.
Good But I am not starved, and perishing on a barren place, affording no sustenance.
Evil I have no clothes to cover me.
Good But I am in a hot climate, where, if I had clothes, I could hardly wear them.
Evil I am without any defence, or means to resist any violence of man or beast.
Good But I am cast on an island where I see no wild beasts to hurt me, as I saw on the
coast of Africa; and what if I had been shipwrecked there?
Evil I have no soul to speak to or relieve me.
Good But God wonderfully sent the ship in near enough to the shore, that I have got
out as many necessary things as will either supply my wants or enable me to supply
myself, even as long as I live.
Upon the whole, here was an undoubted testimony that there was scarce any
condition in the world so miserable but there was something negative or something
positive to be thankful for in it; and let
this stand as a direction from the experience of the most miserable of all
conditions in this world: that we may always find in it something to comfort
ourselves from, and to set, in the
description of good and evil, on the credit side of the account.
Having now brought my mind a little to relish my condition, and given over looking
out to sea, to see if I could spy a ship-I say, giving over these things, I began to
apply myself to arrange my way of living,
and to make things as easy to me as I could.
I have already described my habitation, which was a tent under the side of a rock,
surrounded with a strong pale of posts and cables: but I might now rather call it a
wall, for I raised a kind of wall up
against it of turfs, about two feet thick on the outside; and after some time (I
think it was a year and a half) I raised rafters from it, leaning to the rock, and
thatched or covered it with boughs of
trees, and such things as I could get, to keep out the rain; which I found at some
times of the year very violent.
I have already observed how I brought all my goods into this pale, and into the cave
which I had made behind me.
But I must observe, too, that at first this was a confused heap of goods, which, as
they lay in no order, so they took up all my place; I had no room to turn myself: so
I set myself to enlarge my cave, and work
farther into the earth; for it was a loose sandy rock, which yielded easily to the
labour I bestowed on it: and so when I found I was pretty safe as to beasts of
prey, I worked sideways, to the right hand,
into the rock; and then, turning to the right again, worked quite out, and made me
a door to come out on the outside of my pale or fortification.
This gave me not only egress and regress, as it was a back way to my tent and to my
storehouse, but gave me room to store my goods.
And now I began to apply myself to make such necessary things as I found I most
wanted, particularly a chair and a table; for without these I was not able to enjoy
the few comforts I had in the world; I
could not write or eat, or do several things, with so much pleasure without a
table: so I went to work.
And here I must needs observe, that as reason is the substance and origin of the
mathematics, so by stating and squaring everything by reason, and by making the
most rational judgment of things, every man
may be, in time, master of every mechanic art.
I had never handled a tool in my life; and yet, in time, by labour, application, and
contrivance, I found at last that I wanted nothing but I could have made it,
especially if I had had tools.
However, I made abundance of things, even without tools; and some with no more tools
than an adze and a hatchet, which perhaps were never made that way before, and that
with infinite labour.
For example, if I wanted a board, I had no other way but to cut down a tree, set it on
an edge before me, and hew it flat on either side with my axe, till I brought it
to be thin as a plank, and then dub it smooth with my adze.
It is true, by this method I could make but one board out of a whole tree; but this I
had no remedy for but patience, any more than I had for the prodigious deal of time
and labour which it took me up to make a
plank or board: but my time or labour was little worth, and so it was as well
employed one way as another.
However, I made me a table and a chair, as I observed above, in the first place; and
this I did out of the short pieces of boards that I brought on my raft from the
But when I had wrought out some boards as above, I made large shelves, of the breadth
of a foot and a half, one over another all along one side of my cave, to lay all my
tools, nails and ironwork on; and, in a
word, to separate everything at large into their places, that I might come easily at
them.
I knocked pieces into the wall of the rock to hang my guns and all things that would
hang up; so that, had my cave been to be seen, it looked like a general magazine of
all necessary things; and had everything so
ready at my hand, that it was a great pleasure to me to see all my goods in such
order, and especially to find my stock of all necessaries so great.
And now it was that I began to keep a journal of every day's employment; for,
indeed, at first I was in too much hurry, and not only hurry as to labour, but in too
much discomposure of mind; and my journal
would have been full of many dull things; for example, I must have said thus: "30th.-
After I had got to shore, and escaped drowning, instead of being thankful to God
for my deliverance, having first vomited,
with the great quantity of salt water which had got into my stomach, and recovering
myself a little, I ran about the shore wringing my hands and beating my head and
face, exclaiming at my misery, and crying
out, 'I was undone, undone!' till, tired and faint, I was forced to lie down on the
ground to repose, but durst not sleep for fear of being devoured."
Some days after this, and after I had been on board the ship, and got all that I could
out of her, yet I could not forbear getting up to the top of a little mountain and
looking out to sea, in hopes of seeing a
ship; then fancy at a vast distance I spied a sail, please myself with the hopes of it,
and then after looking steadily, till I was almost blind, lose it quite, and sit down
and weep like a child, and thus increase my misery by my folly.
But having gotten over these things in some measure, and having settled my household
staff and habitation, made me a table and a chair, and all as handsome about me as I
could, I began to keep my journal; of which
I shall here give you the copy (though in it will be told all these particulars over
again) as long as it lasted; for having no more ink, I was forced to leave it off.