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Voiceover: Let's think a little bit about the labor market.
In all of these videos, whether we're talking
about renting units or hiring people,
these are huge oversimplifications, but we're doing it
in this way so we can apply some of these basic ideas
that we're being exposed to in this survey
of microeconomics, so that we can apply
those basic ideas to real world things.
It's important to realize we're making
huge oversimplifications and often times the real context
can be more complicated or a little bit nuanced,
but it gives us a way of thinking about things.
This is the unskilled labor market, so people who don't
have any specific training or experience for a given job.
The vertical axis is their wage rate per hour.
It's essentially the price of labor.
This little gap here shows I started at zero,
but then I jumped up to five, six, seven.
This right here is a quantity of labor.
We're measuring that in terms of millions of hours
per month.
Once again, we have this little gap here, so we can jump
to 20 million hours, 21 million hours.
It's important to realize, when we think about demand
in the labor market, we're not talking
about individual consumers, we're talking
about employers.
In most cases, demand comes
from individual consumers, but now the demand
is coming from employers.
These are the people who are essentially buying labor.
The supply is not coming from corporations.
The supply is coming from the people who provide labor,
so now it's coming from individual workers.
Now it is coming from workers.
Let's just say that this market starts off
completely unregulated, so it has a natural
equilibrium price or equilibrium wage at $6 an hour
and an equilibrium quantity of labor supplied,
which is 22 millions of hours per month.
Let's say the government in this hypothetical city
or country says, "You know what?
"$6 is a really low wage.
"We have trouble imagining how people live well
"off of a $6 an hour wage."
They say this right over here is too low.
The government does not like it and maybe many
of their voters are people making that wage,
so they say, "Hey, you know what?
"We are going pass some well-intentioned legislation.
"We are going to pass a minimum wage.
"We are going to pass a law, minimum wage,
"that says any employer has to pay at least $7 an hour."
$7 an hour.
It has to be at least $7 an hour, so this right over here
is a price floor.
This is a minimum price in the market.
When we talked about rent control,
that was a price ceiling.
That was a maximum price for rent,
now this is a minimum price for labor.
Since the price floor, this minimum price, is higher
than the actual clearing price, it's going to distort
the market.
Our price floor is right over here, $7.
This right over here is our minimum wage.
What's going to happen here?
If you look at the demand side of things,
the employers are going to say, "Wow!
"If I have to pay $7 an hour now, I can only afford
"21 million hours of labor."
They're going to say, "I can only afford now
"21 million hours of labor," but if you look at the workers
they're going to say, "Gee, if I can make $7 an hour,
"more people are going to be willing to work."
Either an individual might say,
"If I was working 40 hours a week making $6 an hour.
"If I'm making $7 an hour, I'm willing to work
"45 hours a week."
Or there might be a student who's on the fence,
who says, "Wow!
"Now wages have gone up enough that it makes sense
"for me to work."
There might be someone who's retired and now,
at $6 wasn't enough for them to come out of retirement,
but $7 is.
Maybe a stay at home parent now says $7 is enough
for them to come out of retirement
or not stay at home anymore.
The labor, the quantity supplied of labor, in terms
of hours, will increase.
At $7 an hour, people will be willing to supply
that much labor, but what's going to happen
in this situation right over here?
In this situation you have all of these people
who want to work, but there's only demand
for this much work.
Right here, this is going to be an oversupply of labor.
Another way to think about it, there's only jobs
for 21 million people now and now 23 million people
want to work.
You're going to have 2 million people who are,
by the classical definition of unemployed,
people who are looking for work
who can't find work now.
Once again, this is completely oversimplified,
because at this point right over here,
based on the way I just viewed that,
you would have no unemployment and we all know
even when the economy is humming maximumly
and there's no regulation, there is some unemployment,
just due to frictions in the market,
people just randomly quitting jobs or looking
for a new job, so you could almost view this
as excess unemployment.
Or you could view this as just a very
oversimplified model and in the ideal world you'd get
close to zero unemployment.
Now you have more people looking for jobs,
because the wages have gone, but fewer jobs,
because the employers are forced to pay more.
If we make all of these assumptions in the model
and you just want to say how many fewer jobs are there,
because this, obviously, we're talking about more people
even looking for jobs because the perceived wages
have gone up.
In the absolute level, based on these linear supply
and demand curves, before there was demand
for 22 million jobs and that was
what the quantity demanded was and that's also
where the quantity supplied was,
but now its only 21 million.
Based on this model, you're going
to have 1 million fewer jobs.
When you think about it in terms of surplus.
Before the minimum wage, the entire surplus
was this entire area over here.
This entire area that's below the demand curve
and above the supply curve.
This entire area was the total surplus
and it was being divided between the consumer surplus
and the producer surplus.
This right over here, between the price
and the supply curve was the producer surplus.
The producer surplus, remember the producers of labor
are the individual workers.
This was the benefit above and beyond
the opportunity cost that the workers were getting
was this area right over here that I'm doing in dark white
or filled in white and the consumer surplus
or the employer surplus here was the value
that the employers were getting above and beyond
the price that they had to pay.
Now, in this situation of a minimum wage,
now this is the set price, this is the quantity of labor
that is demanded.
What you lose now, the surplus that we lose
is this quantity right over here.
We could figure out that area quite easily.
Let's see, this height right over here is 1 million hours
per month, so it's going to be 1 million.
I'll just write 1, we'll just remember it's on millions.
Times this height right over here, which is $2 per hour.
Times one half.
If we just multiply these, we get this whole rectangle
for the area of the triangle, we multiply it times one half.
That gives us exactly 1 and the units
are dollars per hour times millions of hours per month,
gives us millions of dollars per month.
It becomes $1 million per month of surplus,
of benefit above and beyond, of total benefit
that is lost to this market because of this regulation,
if you assume all of the things in this model.
Just like we talked about in the last video,
we have a $1 million per month dead weight loss.
Now, not everyone loses here.
Because the price is set up over here, for the people
who are working those first 21 million hours per month,
their producer surplus has now increased,
because the space between what they're getting
and their opportunity cost has now increased.
For those lucky enough to actually have a job,
those workers now do have a higher surplus,
but for those employers, which is on the demand side
right now, who are employing those first 21 million hours
of labor, they now have a smaller consumer surplus
or demand surplus or employer surplus right there.
For the first 21 million units of labor, it's redistributing
the pie between the employers and the workers,
but then because you are making the wage higher,
it's reducing the overall demand, so there is,
if you believe this model, some job destruction
taking place.