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>> YOU CAN'T BEAT LIVING IN THIS PLACE FOR ITS SERENITY AND CALM
PLACE FOR ITS SERENITY AND CALM AND PEACE.
AND PEACE. THIS IS THE THIRD GENERATION OF
THIS IS THE THIRD GENERATION OF FAMILY LIVING HERE.
FAMILY LIVING HERE. I HAVE THREE CHILDREN.
I HAVE THREE CHILDREN. I'VE BEEN MARRIED FOR 43 YEARS
I'VE BEEN MARRIED FOR 43 YEARS TO MY HUSBAND.
TO MY HUSBAND. AND HE'S FROM THE HOPI TRIBE.
AND HE'S FROM THE HOPI TRIBE. MY NAME IS ROSIE.
MY NAME IS ROSIE. AS A NAVAJO WOMAN, I HAVE TO CAN
AS A NAVAJO WOMAN, I HAVE TO CAN STAND
STAND CONSTANTLY INTRODUCE MYSELF.
CONSTANTLY INTRODUCE MYSELF. I AM AS A NAVAJO WOMAN.
I AM AS A NAVAJO WOMAN. I LIVED IN PHOENIX FOR OR OFF
I LIVED IN PHOENIX FOR OR OFF THE RESERVATION FOR QUITE A LONG
THE RESERVATION FOR QUITE A LONG TIME, MORE THAN 30 YEARS AND
TIME, MORE THAN 30 YEARS AND RECENTLY TRACKED BACK OVER HERE.
RECENTLY TRACKED BACK OVER HERE. IT'S A BEAUTIFUL PLACE.
IT'S A BEAUTIFUL PLACE. SO IT'S A LITTLE BIT OF HARSH
SO IT'S A LITTLE BIT OF HARSH LIVI
LIVI LIVING.
LIVING. OUT HERE WE DON'T HAVE ANY
OUT HERE WE DON'T HAVE ANY RUNNING WATER.
RUNNING WATER. THIS IS THE WAY YOU TAKE A BATH
THIS IS THE WAY YOU TAKE A BATH OR A SHOWER.
OR A SHOWER. AND THIS CUP IS A VERY, VERY
AND THIS CUP IS A VERY, VERY IMPORTANT CUP IN OUR HOUSEHOLD.
IMPORTANT CUP IN OUR HOUSEHOLD. SO WHAT WE DO IS, WE TAKE THAT
SO WHAT WE DO IS, WE TAKE THAT MUCH, OF COURSE IT WILL TAKE
MUCH, OF COURSE IT WILL TAKE THAT MUCH, IT'S TWO CUPS OF
THAT MUCH, IT'S TWO CUPS OF WATER AND WE POUR IT OVER
WATER AND WE POUR IT OVER OURSELVES AND STAND HERE AND
OURSELVES AND STAND HERE AND SHAMPOO UP AND SOAP UP AND RINSE
SHAMPOO UP AND SOAP UP AND RINSE OFF.
OFF. ALL YOU REALLY NEED TO TAKE A
ALL YOU REALLY NEED TO TAKE A GOOD, CLEAN BATH OR SHOWER IS
GOOD, CLEAN BATH OR SHOWER IS THIS THREE GALLONS OF WATER.
THIS THREE GALLONS OF WATER. THAT'S THE WAY WE TAKE OUR
THAT'S THE WAY WE TAKE OUR SHOWERS HERE.
SHOWERS HERE. IT'S A GOOD PRESERVATION OF
IT'S A GOOD PRESERVATION OF WATER WHEN YOU DO THAT.
WATER WHEN YOU DO THAT. >> THE NAVAJO NATION, THE
>> THE NAVAJO NATION, THE CURRENT HOMELAND OF THE NAVAJO
CURRENT HOMELAND OF THE NAVAJO PEOPLE IS THE LARGEST
PEOPLE IS THE LARGEST RESERVATION IN THE UNITED
RESERVATION IN THE UNITED STATES.
STATES. ONE IN HALF OF TRIBAL MEMBERS,
ONE IN HALF OF TRIBAL MEMBERS, ABOUT 175,000 LIVE ON THE
ABOUT 175,000 LIVE ON THE RESERVATION, WHICH IS MOSTLY
RESERVATION, WHICH IS MOSTLY ARID, HIGH DESERT GRASSLANDS,
ARID, HIGH DESERT GRASSLANDS, RECEIVING LESS THAN 10 INCHES OF
RECEIVING LESS THAN 10 INCHES OF ANNUAL PRECIPITATION.
ANNUAL PRECIPITATION. >> WATER IS SCARCE HERE.
>> WATER IS SCARCE HERE. AN WE TALK ABOUT WATER ALL THE
AN WE TALK ABOUT WATER ALL THE TIME.
TIME. WHEN WE TALK ABOUT WATER, WE
WHEN WE TALK ABOUT WATER, WE TALK ABOUT DIFFERENT KINDS OF
TALK ABOUT DIFFERENT KINDS OF WATER.
WATER. WHEREAS MOST FOLKS DO NOT DO
WHEREAS MOST FOLKS DO NOT DO THAT.
THAT. OUT HERE WE TALK ABOUT DRINKING
OUT HERE WE TALK ABOUT DRINKING WATER, AND THEN ALSO WATER FOR
WATER, AND THEN ALSO WATER FOR ANIMALS.
ANIMALS. WE ALSO TALK ABOUT WATER FOR OUR
WE ALSO TALK ABOUT WATER FOR OUR TREES AND IF WE HAVE A GARDEN, E
TREES AND IF WE HAVE A GARDEN, E EWE ALSO HAVE WATER FOR
EWE ALSO HAVE WATER FOR GARDENING AND FOR EACH TYPE OF
GARDENING AND FOR EACH TYPE OF WATER, WE GET FROM DIFFERENT
WATER, WE GET FROM DIFFERENT PLACES.
PLACES. >> ABOUT 40% OF THE PEOPLE ON
>> ABOUT 40% OF THE PEOPLE ON THE NAVAJO RESERVATION DO NOT
THE NAVAJO RESERVATION DO NOT HAVE THE KIND OF WATER STRUCTURE
HAVE THE KIND OF WATER STRUCTURE THAT YOU AND I WOULD TAKE FOR
THAT YOU AND I WOULD TAKE FOR GRANTED.
GRANTED. THEY SPEND A LOT OF TIME GOING
THEY SPEND A LOT OF TIME GOING BACK AND FORTH TO GET WATER AND
BACK AND FORTH TO GET WATER AND THEY SPEND MORE THAN YOU OR I ON
THEY SPEND MORE THAN YOU OR I ON WATER.
WATER. THEY'RE SPENDING OVER 10% OF
THEY'RE SPENDING OVER 10% OF THEIR INCOME ON JUST TRAVELING
THEIR INCOME ON JUST TRAVELING BACK AND FORTH TO GET WATER OR
BACK AND FORTH TO GET WATER OR PROVIDE ENERGY IN THEIR HOMES.
PROVIDE ENERGY IN THEIR HOMES. WE CONTINUED THE CONVERSATION
WE CONTINUED THE CONVERSATION ABOUT THE QUEST TO PROVIDE SOLAR
ABOUT THE QUEST TO PROVIDE SOLAR POWERED DESALINIZATION ON THE
POWERED DESALINIZATION ON THE NAVAJO NATION AND WONDE
NAVAJO NATION AND WONDE SO LET'S TALK ABOUT
SO LET'S TALK ABOUT DESALINIZATION.
DESALINIZATION. >> WE HAVE TWO TYPES OF --
>> WE HAVE TWO TYPES OF -- THERE'S ADVANTAGES AND
THERE'S ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BOTH OF THEM.
DISADVANTAGES OF BOTH OF THEM. THE AMOUNT OF DRAINAGE THAT YOU
THE AMOUNT OF DRAINAGE THAT YOU NEED TO APPLY IN THE SYSTEM AND
NEED TO APPLY IN THE SYSTEM AND THE ECONOMICS.
THE ECONOMICS. SO WHEN WE FACING THIS PROJECT,
SO WHEN WE FACING THIS PROJECT, WE DECIDED TO COMBINE THESE TWO
WE DECIDED TO COMBINE THESE TWO TECHNOLOGIES AND FIND THE MORE
TECHNOLOGIES AND FIND THE MORE EFFICIENT WAY TO TREAT THE
EFFICIENT WAY TO TREAT THE WATER.
WATER. SO ONCE WE COMBINE THIS
SO ONCE WE COMBINE THIS TECHNICIATEC
TECHNICIATEC TECHNOLOGIES, THE NEXT STEP WAS
TECHNOLOGIES, THE NEXT STEP WAS TO PUT ALL THE PARTS OF THE
TO PUT ALL THE PARTS OF THE PROCESS TOGETHER SO IT WILL BE
PROCESS TOGETHER SO IT WILL BE EASY TO BE DEPLOYED IN THE
EASY TO BE DEPLOYED IN THE NAVAJO NATION.
NAVAJO NATION. >> LET'S TALK ABOUT SOME MORE
>> LET'S TALK ABOUT SOME MORE THE CHALLENGES, THE WATER
THE CHALLENGES, THE WATER CHALLENGES IN THE NAVAJO NATION.
CHALLENGES IN THE NAVAJO NATION. SO WHAT IS THE CHALLENGE THERE?
SO WHAT IS THE CHALLENGE THERE? >> WELL, WE DID A NUMBER OF
>> WELL, WE DID A NUMBER OF TESTS IN THE WELLS OUT THERE AND
TESTS IN THE WELLS OUT THERE AND FOUND THAT THERE'S A VERY HIGH
FOUND THAT THERE'S A VERY HIGH SALINITY IN THE WELLS.
SALINITY IN THE WELLS. A LOT OF THE CATTLE AND THEIR
A LOT OF THE CATTLE AND THEIR LIVESTOCK THAT THEY DEPEND ON
LIVESTOCK THAT THEY DEPEND ON FOR THEIR INCOME ARE HAVING
FOR THEIR INCOME ARE HAVING TROUBLE FINDING ADEQUATE WATER.
TROUBLE FINDING ADEQUATE WATER. SO THE FIRST CHALLENGE FOR US IS
SO THE FIRST CHALLENGE FOR US IS TO SEE IF WE COULD FIND A WELL
TO SEE IF WE COULD FIND A WELL THAT WOULD DELIVER WATER FOR THE
THAT WOULD DELIVER WATER FOR THE CATTLE TO DRINK.
CATTLE TO DRINK. THERE'S AN INCREASE IN THE
THERE'S AN INCREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF SALINITY WITH THE
AMOUNT OF SALINITY WITH THE CHANGES IN THE DROUGHT OF THAT
CHANGES IN THE DROUGHT OF THAT AREA.
AREA. >> THE LOWERING OF THE WATER
>> THE LOWERING OF THE WATER TABLE, IS ALL OF THAT HAPPENING
TABLE, IS ALL OF THAT HAPPENING IN THIS AREA?
IN THIS AREA? >> IT'S NOT HAPPENING ---THE
>> IT'S NOT HAPPENING ---THE WELL THAT WE'RE CONCERNED BE
WELL THAT WE'RE CONCERNED BE MOSTLY HAS VERY HIGH SALINITY
MOSTLY HAS VERY HIGH SALINITY CONTENT AND THIS SYSTEM WILL BE
CONTENT AND THIS SYSTEM WILL BE ABLE TO TAKE OUT MOST OF THAT
ABLE TO TAKE OUT MOST OF THAT SALINE CONTENT AND DELIVER
SALINE CONTENT AND DELIVER POTABLE WATER AND WATER FOR THE
POTABLE WATER AND WATER FOR THE CATTLE.
CATTLE. >> THERE ARE A NUMBER OF PEOPLE
>> THERE ARE A NUMBER OF PEOPLE INVOLVED IN THIS PROJECT.
INVOLVED IN THIS PROJECT. AND WHAT'S THIS TEAM THAT YOU'RE
AND WHAT'S THIS TEAM THAT YOU'RE WORKING WITH?
WORKING WITH? >> WE'RE ABOUT 60 STUDENTS AND
>> WE'RE ABOUT 60 STUDENTS AND THE STUDENTS HAVE DIFFERENT
THE STUDENTS HAVE DIFFERENT ROLES.
ROLES. I AM MOSTLY WORKING IN THE BENCH
I AM MOSTLY WORKING IN THE BENCH SCALE.
SCALE. THERE'S A STUDENT THAT'S JUST
THERE'S A STUDENT THAT'S JUST WORKING WITH THE WATER.
WORKING WITH THE WATER. ALL OF THESE ARE PUT TOGETHER TO
ALL OF THESE ARE PUT TOGETHER TO BE ABLE TO ACTUALLY GO TO THE
BE ABLE TO ACTUALLY GO TO THE NAVAJO NATION AND MAKE THE
NAVAJO NATION AND MAKE THE PROJECTS WORK.
PROJECTS WORK. >> SO MODELING, WHEN YOU'RE
>> SO MODELING, WHEN YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT MODELING, SO TELL
TALKING ABOUT MODELING, SO TELL ME A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE STEPS
ME A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE STEPS THAT YOU'RE GOING THROUGH BEFORE
THAT YOU'RE GOING THROUGH BEFORE YOU TAKE IT THIS TO THE NAVAJO
YOU TAKE IT THIS TO THE NAVAJO NATION.
NATION. >> THE WAY WE STARTED, WE CHOSE
>> THE WAY WE STARTED, WE CHOSE SOMETHING THAT WAS AVAILABLE IN
SOMETHING THAT WAS AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET.
THE MARKET. WE PUT IT THROUGH DIFFERENT
WE PUT IT THROUGH DIFFERENT TESTS, INCREASED THE WATER
TESTS, INCREASED THE WATER SALINE TO 5% OF SODIUM CHLORIDE
SALINE TO 5% OF SODIUM CHLORIDE TO THE SEA WATER CONCENTRATION,
TO THE SEA WATER CONCENTRATION, IT'S A VERY HIGH SALINITY.
IT'S A VERY HIGH SALINITY. WE CHANGED THE WATER TEMPERATURE
WE CHANGED THE WATER TEMPERATURE TO SEE HOW MUCH WATER YOU CAN
TO SEE HOW MUCH WATER YOU CAN PRODUCE.
PRODUCE. AFTER WE DID ALL OF THESE, WE
AFTER WE DID ALL OF THESE, WE PUT THIS DATA INTO A MATHEMATICS
PUT THIS DATA INTO A MATHEMATICS MODEL TO BE ABLE TO SEE HOW MUCH
MODEL TO BE ABLE TO SEE HOW MUCH WATER, WHAT IS THE ENERGY THAT
WATER, WHAT IS THE ENERGY THAT YOU WILL NEED AND WHAT TYPE YOU
YOU WILL NEED AND WHAT TYPE YOU NEED TO USE.
NEED TO USE. ALL OF THESE ARE KEY COMPONENTS
ALL OF THESE ARE KEY COMPONENTS TO HAVE THE PROJECT.
TO HAVE THE PROJECT. >> NOW WE'LL LEARN A LITTLE BIT
>> NOW WE'LL LEARN A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT THE SCIENTIFIC TO
MORE ABOUT THE SCIENTIFIC TO PRODUCE EFFECTIVE SOLAR ENERGY
PRODUCE EFFECTIVE SOLAR ENERGY POWERED DESALINIZATION, THIS IS
POWERED DESALINIZATION, THIS IS ANOTHER -- SEEKING WATER FROM
ANOTHER -- SEEKING WATER FROM THE SUN.
THE SUN. IT W
IT W >> MOST SOLUTIONS ARE DESIGNED
>> MOST SOLUTIONS ARE DESIGNED FOR INDIVIDUALS OR NATIONS.
FOR INDIVIDUALS OR NATIONS. NOT FOR COMMUNITY WELLS.
NOT FOR COMMUNITY WELLS. ONE GROUP TRYING TO FIND A
ONE GROUP TRYING TO FIND A SOLUTION FOR A RESERVATION WELL
SOLUTION FOR A RESERVATION WELL OUTSIDE OF LOOP, ARIZONA, IS THE
OUTSIDE OF LOOP, ARIZONA, IS THE NAVAJO NATION SOLAR
NAVAJO NATION SOLAR DESALINIZATION DEMONSTRATION
DESALINIZATION DEMONSTRATION PROJECT.
PROJECT. >> THERE'S A ECONOMY OF SCALE,
>> THERE'S A ECONOMY OF SCALE, AS A SIZE OF THE FACILITY GOES
AS A SIZE OF THE FACILITY GOES UP, THE PRICE PER UNIT OF WATER
UP, THE PRICE PER UNIT OF WATER PRODUCED GOES DOWN.
PRODUCED GOES DOWN. SO BIG PLANTS ARE CHEAPER IN
SO BIG PLANTS ARE CHEAPER IN TERMS OF PER DOLLARS PER GALLON
TERMS OF PER DOLLARS PER GALLON OF WATER TO DEVELOP THAN SMALL
OF WATER TO DEVELOP THAN SMALL PLANTS.
PLANTS. WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT HERE,
WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT HERE, USUALLY THE -- PROVIDING WATER
USUALLY THE -- PROVIDING WATER FOR A RELATIVELY SMALL
FOR A RELATIVELY SMALL POPULATION, SO THAT INHERENTLY
POPULATION, SO THAT INHERENTLY MAKES IT MORE EXPENSIVE THAN IF
MAKES IT MORE EXPENSIVE THAN IF ALL THAT POPULATION WERE IN
ALL THAT POPULATION WERE IN PLACE AND WE COULD MAKE ONE
PLACE AND WE COULD MAKE ONE PLANT FOR IT.
PLANT FOR IT. >> THE PROJECT'S CO-PRINCIPAL
>> THE PROJECT'S CO-PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR, ALONG WITH HIS
INVESTIGATOR, ALONG WITH HIS COLLEGE STUDENTS HAVE DESIGNED
COLLEGE STUDENTS HAVE DESIGNED AND INSTALLED WATER PURIFICATION
AND INSTALLED WATER PURIFICATION SOLUTIONS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.
SOLUTIONS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. >> THERE ARE NO REAL GOOD
>> THERE ARE NO REAL GOOD TECHNOLOGIES OUT THERE.
TECHNOLOGIES OUT THERE. TO DESALINEATE OR PURIFY THE
TO DESALINEATE OR PURIFY THE WATER THAT WE WILL FIND IN ARID
WATER THAT WE WILL FIND IN ARID LAND AREAS.
LAND AREAS. IT'S NOT LIKE THIS IS TRYING TO
IT'S NOT LIKE THIS IS TRYING TO GO ONE BETTER ON THE
GO ONE BETTER ON THE ALTERNATIVES ARE THERE, WE'RE
ALTERNATIVES ARE THERE, WE'RE TRYING TO FIND AN ALTERNATIVE,
TRYING TO FIND AN ALTERNATIVE, ONE OPTION.
ONE OPTION. YOU BUILD THE SMALLEST VERSION
YOU BUILD THE SMALLEST VERSION YOU CAN GET THAT INCORPORATES
YOU CAN GET THAT INCORPORATES ALL THE ASPECTS THAT WILL BE AT
ALL THE ASPECTS THAT WILL BE AT THE FULL SCALE.
THE FULL SCALE. SO THAT'S WHAT THE PROTOTYPE IS
SO THAT'S WHAT THE PROTOTYPE IS TRYING TO GO THROUGH THAT WHOLE
TRYING TO GO THROUGH THAT WHOLE PROCESS AT THE SMALLEST POSSIBLE
PROCESS AT THE SMALLEST POSSIBLE SCALE THAT ALLOWS YOU THEN TO
SCALE THAT ALLOWS YOU THEN TO PROJECT, REALLY WHAT WILL HAPPEN
PROJECT, REALLY WHAT WILL HAPPEN WHEN YOU TAKE IT OUT TO THE FULL
WHEN YOU TAKE IT OUT TO THE FULL SCALE AND FIELD IMPLEMENTATION.
SCALE AND FIELD IMPLEMENTATION. >> AN EVOLVING SOLUTION IS
>> AN EVOLVING SOLUTION IS TAPPING INTO A RESOURCE THAT
TAPPING INTO A RESOURCE THAT ABUNDANTLY AVAILABLE IN MOST
ABUNDANTLY AVAILABLE IN MOST DWEZ SERT O' -- THE SCIENTISTS
DWEZ SERT O' -- THE SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS ARE STARTING FROM
AND ENGINEERS ARE STARTING FROM SCRATCH.
SCRATCH. THE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF THE
THE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF THE PROCESS THE BUILDING A
PROCESS THE BUILDING A PROTOTYPE.
PROTOTYPE. PROOF THAT THE CONCEPT AND
PROOF THAT THE CONCEPT AND DESIGN WILL ACTUALLY WORK.
DESIGN WILL ACTUALLY WORK. FOR THE SECOND PROTOTYPE, THE
FOR THE SECOND PROTOTYPE, THE TEAM HAS CHOSENING A NEW
TEAM HAS CHOSENING A NEW TECHNOLOGY TO PURIFY THE WATER.
TECHNOLOGY TO PURIFY THE WATER. A CANISTER FILLED WITH MEMBRANE
A CANISTER FILLED WITH MEMBRANE STRAWS WILL FILTER OUT UNWANTED
STRAWS WILL FILTER OUT UNWANTED PROPERTIES FROM THE WELL WATER.
PROPERTIES FROM THE WELL WATER. BY EVAPORATING WATER THROUGH THE
BY EVAPORATING WATER THROUGH THE MEMBRANE.
MEMBRANE. THE -- POWER THE PULP THAT
THE -- POWER THE PULP THAT CIRCULATES THE SALTY WATER
CIRCULATES THE SALTY WATER THROUGH THE MEMBRANE AND INTO A
THROUGH THE MEMBRANE AND INTO A TANK, USING COMMONLY AVAILABLE
TANK, USING COMMONLY AVAILABLE PARTS AND -- GOES FROM VARIOUS
PARTS AND -- GOES FROM VARIOUS VERSIONS, FROM BENCH TOP TO
VERSIONS, FROM BENCH TOP TO ROOFTOP.
ROOFTOP. >> THERE WE GO.
>> THERE WE GO. IT'S FLEXIBLE.
IT'S FLEXIBLE. >> SO THE PROBLEM IS THAT IT'S
>> SO THE PROBLEM IS THAT IT'S NOT GOING TO WORK THE WAY WE
NOT GOING TO WORK THE WAY WE WANT IT TO.
WANT IT TO. SO WE'RE GOING TO HAVE TO PUT IN
SO WE'RE GOING TO HAVE TO PUT IN PVC WIDE.
PVC WIDE. THE OTHER OPTION TOO IS THAT WE
THE OTHER OPTION TOO IS THAT WE CAN ALWAYS RAISE THESE.
CAN ALWAYS RAISE THESE. >> VERY MUCH AN EDUCATED GUESS.
>> VERY MUCH AN EDUCATED GUESS. >> AS IT PASSES THROUGH ACROSS
>> AS IT PASSES THROUGH ACROSS THE MEMBRANE, THAT WATER VAPOR
THE MEMBRANE, THAT WATER VAPOR IS GOING TO TRANSLATE ACROSS THE
IS GOING TO TRANSLATE ACROSS THE MEMBRANE AND THIS WILL BE FULL
MEMBRANE AND THIS WILL BE FULL OF WATER HERE.
OF WATER HERE. THIS IS GREAT.
THIS IS GREAT. >> WHAT DO WE HAVE?
>> WHAT DO WE HAVE? >> I'M REALLY OPTIMISTIC, WHAT
>> I'M REALLY OPTIMISTIC, WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED IS THAT NUMBER
WE HAVE LEARNED IS THAT NUMBER ONE, WE NEED TO REDUCE THE COST
ONE, WE NEED TO REDUCE THE COST OF EVERYTHING.
OF EVERYTHING. WE NEED TO SIMPLIFY OUR SYSTEMS.
WE NEED TO SIMPLIFY OUR SYSTEMS. WE'RE GOING TO GO AHEAD AND LET
WE'RE GOING TO GO AHEAD AND LET IT RUN FOR A COUPLE OF HOURS
IT RUN FOR A COUPLE OF HOURS PROBABLY INITIALLY.
PROBABLY INITIALLY. ALL THE LESSONS WE LEARN HERE,
ALL THE LESSONS WE LEARN HERE, WE'RE GOING TO APPLY TO OUR
WE'RE GOING TO APPLY TO OUR PILOT PLANT.
PILOT PLANT. >> AND NOW CONTINUING OUR
>> AND NOW CONTINUING OUR DISCUSSION ABOUT SOME OF THE
DISCUSSION ABOUT SOME OF THE TECHNOLOGIES BEHIND THIS PROJECT
TECHNOLOGIES BEHIND THIS PROJECT IN THE NAVAJO NATION.
IN THE NAVAJO NATION. SO TELL ME A LITTLE BIT MORE
SO TELL ME A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT, YOU KNOW, WHAT IT TAKES
ABOUT, YOU KNOW, WHAT IT TAKES TO ACTUALLY DO SOMETHING AT THIS
TO ACTUALLY DO SOMETHING AT THIS SCALE.
SCALE. >> WELL, LIKE I SAID BEFORE, YOU
>> WELL, LIKE I SAID BEFORE, YOU NEED TO START IN THE LAB BECAUSE
NEED TO START IN THE LAB BECAUSE WHEN YOU HAVE A SMALLER SCALE,
WHEN YOU HAVE A SMALLER SCALE, YOU CAN TRY SOME METERS AND
YOU CAN TRY SOME METERS AND DIFFERING VARIABLES TO BE ABLE
DIFFERING VARIABLES TO BE ABLE TO KNOW HOW IT'S GOING TO
TO KNOW HOW IT'S GOING TO PERFORM.
PERFORM. SO WE STARTED WITH THE MEMBRANE.
SO WE STARTED WITH THE MEMBRANE. AND -- SORRY.
AND -- SORRY. WE STARTED WITH THE MEMBRANE AND
WE STARTED WITH THE MEMBRANE AND WE CHANGED THE WATER TEMPERATURE
WE CHANGED THE WATER TEMPERATURE TO SEE WHICH ONE WILL BE THE
TO SEE WHICH ONE WILL BE THE BEST TEMPERATURE, THE OPTIMAL
BEST TEMPERATURE, THE OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE TO PRODUCE THE
TEMPERATURE TO PRODUCE THE MAXIMUM AMOUNTS OF WATER AND AT
MAXIMUM AMOUNTS OF WATER AND AT THE SAME TIME, WE INCLUDED SALT
THE SAME TIME, WE INCLUDED SALT AND DIFFERING CONCENTRATIONS OF
AND DIFFERING CONCENTRATIONS OF SALT TO SEE HOW MUCH THIS WILL
SALT TO SEE HOW MUCH THIS WILL AFFECT THE WATER.
AFFECT THE WATER. AND ANOTHER IMPORTANT FACTOR IS
AND ANOTHER IMPORTANT FACTOR IS WHAT IS THE QUALITY OF THE FINAL
WHAT IS THE QUALITY OF THE FINAL WATER?
WATER? IS IT GOING TO BE CLEAN ENOUGH
IS IT GOING TO BE CLEAN ENOUGH TO COMBINE IT AND REACH TO THE
TO COMBINE IT AND REACH TO THE CONCENTRATION THAT, THE GOAL
CONCENTRATION THAT, THE GOAL CONCENTRATION, OR IS IT GOING TO
CONCENTRATION, OR IS IT GOING TO BE NOT GOOD ENOUGH?
BE NOT GOOD ENOUGH? SO THAT EE'S WHAT WE ARE WORKIN
SO THAT EE'S WHAT WE ARE WORKIN ON.
ON. >> SO WHERE ARE WE IN THIS
>> SO WHERE ARE WE IN THIS PROJECT RIGHT NOW?
PROJECT RIGHT NOW? I'LL THROW THAT ONE TO YOU,
I'LL THROW THAT ONE TO YOU, IRIS?
IRIS? >> OKAY, WE'RE JUST STARTING THE
>> OKAY, WE'RE JUST STARTING THE COMPLETION OF THE PROTOTYPE
COMPLETION OF THE PROTOTYPE THAT'S GOING TO BE INSTALLED UP
THAT'S GOING TO BE INSTALLED UP AT THE NAVAJO NATION.
AT THE NAVAJO NATION. SO WE HAVE ALREADY CONTRACTED
SO WE HAVE ALREADY CONTRACTED WITH THE SOLAR COMPANY IN
WITH THE SOLAR COMPANY IN CALIFORNIA, THEY HAVE INSTALLED
CALIFORNIA, THEY HAVE INSTALLED THE SOLAR SYSTEM UP IN THE WELL
THE SOLAR SYSTEM UP IN THE WELL SITE AND LOOP.
SITE AND LOOP. THE REASON WE'RE WORKING WITH A
THE REASON WE'RE WORKING WITH A COMMERCIAL COMPANY AND THIS IS
COMMERCIAL COMPANY AND THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT IS AT THE END OF
VERY IMPORTANT IS AT THE END OF THIS PROJECT, WE'RE GOING TO BE
THIS PROJECT, WE'RE GOING TO BE ABLE TO TRANSFER THE KNOWLEDGE
ABLE TO TRANSFER THE KNOWLEDGE AND THE TECHNOLOGY TO THE
AND THE TECHNOLOGY TO THE COMMUNITY ITSELF.
COMMUNITY ITSELF. SO THAT THEY CLUB ABLE TO
SO THAT THEY CLUB ABLE TO REPLICATE IT AND PLACE IT IN
REPLICATE IT AND PLACE IT IN OTHER PLACES WITHIN THE NAVAJO
OTHER PLACES WITHIN THE NAVAJO NATION WHERE THEY MAY FIND IT
NATION WHERE THEY MAY FIND IT USEFUL FOR THAT PARTICULAR AREA.
USEFUL FOR THAT PARTICULAR AREA. SO WE'RE WORKING WITH COMPANIES
SO WE'RE WORKING WITH COMPANIES AND COMPONENTS THAT ARE
AND COMPONENTS THAT ARE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE, SO
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE, SO THERE'S NOT A LOT OF CUSTOM WORK
THERE'S NOT A LOT OF CUSTOM WORK BEING DONE IN THIS PROTOTYPE.
BEING DONE IN THIS PROTOTYPE. SO RIGHT NOW THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS
SO RIGHT NOW THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS INSTALLED UP ON THE NAVAJO
INSTALLED UP ON THE NAVAJO NATION AND WE'LL BE UP THERE IN
NATION AND WE'LL BE UP THERE IN A COUPLE OF MONTHS WITH THE
A COUPLE OF MONTHS WITH THE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM AND START
WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM AND START TO INTEGRATE THAT.
TO INTEGRATE THAT. AND AS WE DO THAT, WE'RE GOING
AND AS WE DO THAT, WE'RE GOING TO BE WORKING VERY CLOSELY WITH
TO BE WORKING VERY CLOSELY WITH THE COMMUNITY ITSELF, SO THEY
THE COMMUNITY ITSELF, SO THEY CAN SEE HOW THE SYSTEM IS PUT
CAN SEE HOW THE SYSTEM IS PUT TOGETHER AND LEARN HOW TO
TOGETHER AND LEARN HOW TO OPERATE IT AND MAINTAIN IT AND
OPERATE IT AND MAINTAIN IT AND THINK ABOUT HOW THEY'RE GOING TO
THINK ABOUT HOW THEY'RE GOING TO INCORPORATE IT AND DISTRICT IT
INCORPORATE IT AND DISTRICT IT AMONG THE NAVAJO NATION THE
AMONG THE NAVAJO NATION THE FUTURE.
FUTURE. >> IS THIS SOMETHING THAT COULD
>> IS THIS SOMETHING THAT COULD BE TAKEN AND USED ELSEWHERE?
BE TAKEN AND USED ELSEWHERE? >> YEAH, SO THE IDEA IS THAT IT
>> YEAH, SO THE IDEA IS THAT IT IS A SMALL SYSTEM, IT'S NOT
IS A SMALL SYSTEM, IT'S NOT CONNECTED TO THE GRID AND IT'S
CONNECTED TO THE GRID AND IT'S MODULAR.
MODULAR. SO THIS SYSTEM COULD SCALE TO A
SO THIS SYSTEM COULD SCALE TO A MUCH BIGGER SIZE SOMEWHERE ELSE
MUCH BIGGER SIZE SOMEWHERE ELSE ON THE NAVAJO NATION OR
ON THE NAVAJO NATION OR SOMEWHERE ELSE IN THE WORLD THAT
SOMEWHERE ELSE IN THE WORLD THAT MAY BE DEALING WITH WATER THAT
MAY BE DEALING WITH WATER THAT HAS HIGH SALINITY PROBLEMS, OR
HAS HIGH SALINITY PROBLEMS, OR BRACKISH WATER THAT HAS
BRACKISH WATER THAT HAS PARTICULAR QUALITY PROBLEMS.
PARTICULAR QUALITY PROBLEMS. SO THE IDEA IS THAT A
SO THE IDEA IS THAT A NONTECHNICAL ENGINEERING TYPE OF
NONTECHNICAL ENGINEERING TYPE OF PERSON COULD PUT TOGETHER THIS
PERSON COULD PUT TOGETHER THIS SYSTEM AND INSTALL IT AT A WELL
SYSTEM AND INSTALL IT AT A WELL SITE OR IN A WATER SYSTEM.
SITE OR IN A WATER SYSTEM. >> WOW, SO THIS COULD REALLY
>> WOW, SO THIS COULD REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN A LOT OF
MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN A LOT OF THE PLACES AROUND THE WORLD THAT
THE PLACES AROUND THE WORLD THAT HAVE PROBLEMS WITH ACCESS TO
HAVE PROBLEMS WITH ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER OR WATER IN GENERAL?
CLEAN WATER OR WATER IN GENERAL? >> THAT'S WHAT WE'RE HOPING,
>> THAT'S WHAT WE'RE HOPING, THAT'S THE GOAL OF THE PROJECT,
THAT'S THE GOAL OF THE PROJECT, IS TO BE ABLE TO LOOK AT THIS
IS TO BE ABLE TO LOOK AT THIS KIND OF LATITUDE AROUND THE
KIND OF LATITUDE AROUND THE WORLD AND SEE WHERE IT MAY HELP
WORLD AND SEE WHERE IT MAY HELP TO SOLVE SOME OF THOSE PROBLEMS.
TO SOLVE SOME OF THOSE PROBLEMS. >> THAT'S INTERESTING, THAT'S
>> THAT'S INTERESTING, THAT'S KIND OF COOL WORK, I CAN'T
KIND OF COOL WORK, I CAN'T IMAGINE WHAT IT WOULD BE LIKE TO
IMAGINE WHAT IT WOULD BE LIKE TO WORK ON SOMETHING LIKE THIS.
WORK ON SOMETHING LIKE THIS. >> I CAN'T THINK OF ANYTHING
>> I CAN'T THINK OF ANYTHING BETTER.
BETTER. >> LET'S TALK ABOUT THE ECONOMY
>> LET'S TALK ABOUT THE ECONOMY TO SCALE.
TO SCALE. CLEAN WATER IS ONE THING,
CLEAN WATER IS ONE THING, AFFORDABLE CLEAN WATER IS
AFFORDABLE CLEAN WATER IS ANOTHER.
ANOTHER. SO ANY SENSE AT THIS POINT WHAT
SO ANY SENSE AT THIS POINT WHAT SOMETHING LIKE THIS IS GOING TO
SOMETHING LIKE THIS IS GOING TO COST?
COST? >> SO THEY'RE PUMPING WATER
>> SO THEY'RE PUMPING WATER RIGHT NOW WITH A WINDMILL AND
RIGHT NOW WITH A WINDMILL AND CERTAINLY A SOLAR WATER
CERTAINLY A SOLAR WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM IS GOING TO BE
TREATMENT SYSTEM IS GOING TO BE MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE THAN JUST
MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE THAN JUST MERELY PUMPING THE EXISTING
MERELY PUMPING THE EXISTING WATER OUT OF A WELL.
WATER OUT OF A WELL. SO OUR GOAL IS REALLY TO SEE IF
SO OUR GOAL IS REALLY TO SEE IF WE CAN PRODUCE THE SYSTEM AT THE
WE CAN PRODUCE THE SYSTEM AT THE SAME COST THAT IT'S COSTING THEM
SAME COST THAT IT'S COSTING THEM TO DRIVE ROUNDTRIP TO COLLECT
TO DRIVE ROUNDTRIP TO COLLECT CLEAN WATER.
CLEAN WATER. AND ONCE WE GET TO THAT KIND OF
AND ONCE WE GET TO THAT KIND OF EVEN PRICE WITH WHAT THEY'RE
EVEN PRICE WITH WHAT THEY'RE PAYING RIGHT NOW, WE CAN START
PAYING RIGHT NOW, WE CAN START TO OPTIMIZE THE SYSTEM OVER THE
TO OPTIMIZE THE SYSTEM OVER THE NEXT COMING YEAR AND GET THOSE
NEXT COMING YEAR AND GET THOSE COSTS DOWN.
COSTS DOWN. SO THAT THEY'RE PAYING A LOT
SO THAT THEY'RE PAYING A LOT LES, MORE EQUITABLE TO THE KIND
LES, MORE EQUITABLE TO THE KIND OF AMOUNT OF MONEY THAT WE'RE
OF AMOUNT OF MONEY THAT WE'RE PAYING FOR WATER NOW.
PAYING FOR WATER NOW. >> OKAY.
>> OKAY. ANDREA, TELL ME A LITTLE BIT
ANDREA, TELL ME A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHAT IT'S BEEN LIKE FOR
ABOUT WHAT IT'S BEEN LIKE FOR YOU TO DO Ph.D. WORK ON THIS
YOU TO DO Ph.D. WORK ON THIS PROJECT.
PROJECT. >> I HAVE BEEN LUCKY TO WORK
>> I HAVE BEEN LUCKY TO WORK WITH THE DOCTOR AND IT'S BEEN AN
WITH THE DOCTOR AND IT'S BEEN AN AMAZING LEARNING EXPERIENCE.
AMAZING LEARNING EXPERIENCE. >> AFTER THIS, WHAT ARE YOUR
>> AFTER THIS, WHAT ARE YOUR FUTURE PLANS?
FUTURE PLANS? ARE YOU GOING TO CONTINUE
ARE YOU GOING TO CONTINUE WORKING.
WORKING. >> --
>> -- >> IT'S WHAT I LIKE DOING?
>> IT'S WHAT I LIKE DOING? >> ANYWHERE IN PARTICULAR THAT
>> ANYWHERE IN PARTICULAR THAT YOU WANT TO DO THAT WORK?
YOU WANT TO DO THAT WORK? >> I'M NOT PARTICULAR TO
>> I'M NOT PARTICULAR TO WHATEVER COMES OPEN.
WHATEVER COMES OPEN. >> HOW ABOUT YOU?
>> HOW ABOUT YOU? WHAT IS YOUR FUTURE PLAN?
WHAT IS YOUR FUTURE PLAN? AT SOME POINT THIS PROJECT WON'T
AT SOME POINT THIS PROJECT WON'T BE COMPLETE, I GUESS, AS
BE COMPLETE, I GUESS, AS COMPLETE AS IT CAN BE?
COMPLETE AS IT CAN BE? >> WE WOULD LIKE TO SEE WHERE
>> WE WOULD LIKE TO SEE WHERE THIS PARTICULAR TYPE OF
THIS PARTICULAR TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY CAN BENEFIT OTHER
TECHNOLOGY CAN BENEFIT OTHER COMMUNITIES IN THE WORLD.
COMMUNITIES IN THE WORLD. WE WOULD ALSO LIKE TO SEE HOW IT
WE WOULD ALSO LIKE TO SEE HOW IT MAY BE UTILIZED FURTHER ON THE
MAY BE UTILIZED FURTHER ON THE NAVAJO NATION AND SEE HOW
NAVAJO NATION AND SEE HOW THEY'RE ABLE TO INCORPORATE IT
THEY'RE ABLE TO INCORPORATE IT IN THEIR TECHNOLOGY PLANS AND
IN THEIR TECHNOLOGY PLANS AND LOOK AT WHAT ROLE IT PLAYS AS AN
LOOK AT WHAT ROLE IT PLAYS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO FOSSIL FUELS AND
ALTERNATIVE TO FOSSIL FUELS AND THE PUMPS OF WATER USING
THE PUMPS OF WATER USING TRADITIONAL METHODS.
TRADITIONAL METHODS. >> INTERESTING.
>> INTERESTING. SO WHERE CAN PEOPLE GO IF THEY
SO WHERE CAN PEOPLE GO IF THEY WANT TO FIND OUT MORE
WANT TO FIND OUT MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THIS?
INFORMATION ABOUT THIS? >> VERY SOON TO THE RENEWABLE
>> VERY SOON TO THE RENEWABLE NETWORK WEBSITE.
NETWORK WEBSITE. >> OKAY.
>> OKAY. THE PANEL DISCUSSION ABOUT THE
THE PANEL DISCUSSION ABOUT THE QUEST FOR CLEAN WATER USING
QUEST FOR CLEAN WATER USING SOLAR ENERGY IS THIS FRIDAY,
SOLAR ENERGY IS THIS FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 8 FROM 3:30 TO 5:00 IN
NOVEMBER 8 FROM 3:30 TO 5:00 IN THE AFTERNOON.
THE AFTERNOON. IT'S BEING HIELD AT THE GALLIGA
IT'S BEING HIELD AT THE GALLIGA CENTER.
CENTER. >> SECURING A GUILTY PLEA ON
>> SECURING A GUILTY PLEA ON INSIDER TRADING CHARGES AND A
INSIDER TRADING CHARGES AND A TOTAL PENALTY OF $1.8 BILLION.
TOTAL PENALTY OF $1.8 BILLION. EGYPT OUSTED PRESIDENT MOHAMMAD
EGYPT OUSTED PRESIDENT MOHAMMAD MORSI APPEARS IN COURT CHARGED
MORSI APPEARS IN COURT CHARGED WITH INCITING VIOLENCE BUT
WITH INCITING VIOLENCE BUT INSISTING THAT HE'S STILL THE
INSISTING THAT HE'S STILL THE COUNTRY'S LEGITIMATE LEADER.
COUNTRY'S LEGITIMATE LEADER. >>> AND A NEW YORK CITY FAMILY
>>> AND A NEW YORK CITY FAMILY TRYING TO GET BY ON ONE PARENT'S
TRYING TO GET BY ON ONE PARENT'S $8 AN HOUR WAGE.
$8 AN HOUR WAGE. >> IT'S EASY LOOKING FROM
>> IT'S EASY LOOKING FROM OUTSIDE IN AND SAYING OH, YEAH,
OUTSIDE IN AND SAYING OH, YEAH, WITH THAT MONEY, I WOULD BE ABLE
WITH THAT MONEY, I WOULD BE ABLE TO, YOU KNOW, BUILD MOUNTAINS.
TO, YOU KNOW, BUILD MOUNTAINS. LET ME SEE YOU SURVIVE.
LET ME SEE YOU SURVIVE. I WANT TO SEE ANYONE, A
I WANT TO SEE ANYONE, A CHALLENGE YOU, DO IT.
CHALLENGE YOU, DO IT. >> THOSE ARE JUST SOME OF THE
>> THOSE ARE JUST SOME OF THE STORIES WE'RE COVERING ON
STORIES WE'RE COVERING ON TONIGHT'S PBS NEWS HOUR.
TONIGHT'S PBS NEWS HOUR. >> THE OSABLE RIVER IS ONE OF
>> THE OSABLE RIVER IS ONE OF MICHIGAN'S MOST POPULAR TROUT
MICHIGAN'S MOST POPULAR TROUT FISHINGING SPOTS.
FISHINGING SPOTS. YOU GOT TO GET OUT ON THE WATER.
YOU GOT TO GET OUT ON THE WATER. >> IT'S ALSO AN UNLIKELY EXAMPLE
>> IT'S ALSO AN UNLIKELY EXAMPLE OF HOW ANONYMOUS POLITICAL
OF HOW ANONYMOUS POLITICAL DONORS CAN NOW INFLUENCE LOCAL
DONORS CAN NOW INFLUENCE LOCAL ELECTIONS, I'M DAVID GREEN,
ELECTIONS, I'M DAVID GREEN, FLY-FISHING.
>>> FALL AND WINTER'S COLDER SHORTER DAYS BRING MANY PEOPLE
SHORTER DAYS BRING MANY PEOPLE INDOORS IN THE REST OF THE
INDOORS IN THE REST OF THE COUNTRY, BUT HERE IN SOUTHERN
COUNTRY, BUT HERE IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA, IT'S USUALLY THE
ARIZONA, IT'S USUALLY THE OPPOSITE.
OPPOSITE. THE ABUNDANT SUNSHINE AND MILD
THE ABUNDANT SUNSHINE AND MILD TEMPERATURES ENTICE MANY LONG
TEMPERATURES ENTICE MANY LONG TIME RESIDENTS TO EXPLORE OUR
TIME RESIDENTS TO EXPLORE OUR NATURAL BEAUTY AFTER ENDURING
NATURAL BEAUTY AFTER ENDURING WHAT SOMETIMES SEEMS LIKE AN
WHAT SOMETIMES SEEMS LIKE AN ENDLESS SUMMER.
ENDLESS SUMMER. HERE ARE SOME OF THE NATURAL
HERE ARE SOME OF THE NATURAL CHANGES YOU CAN EXPECT TO SEE
CHANGES YOU CAN EXPECT TO SEE THIS MONTH IN OUR GREAT
THIS MONTH IN OUR GREAT OUTDOORS.
OUTDOORS. >> HELLO, I AM FROM THE ARIZONA
>> HELLO, I AM FROM THE ARIZONA DESERT MUSEUM.
DESERT MUSEUM. WHEN IT COMES TO UNIQUE
WHEN IT COMES TO UNIQUE VEGETATION, FEW PLACES ON EARTH
VEGETATION, FEW PLACES ON EARTH CAN BEAT THE SONORAN DESERT.
CAN BEAT THE SONORAN DESERT. WE MAY NOT HAVE THE TYPICAL FALL
WE MAY NOT HAVE THE TYPICAL FALL THAT OTHER TEMPERATE REGIONS DO,
THAT OTHER TEMPERATE REGIONS DO, BUT IF WE LOOK CLOSER, WE CAN
BUT IF WE LOOK CLOSER, WE CAN FIND THE SPLENDOR OF THE FALL
FIND THE SPLENDOR OF THE FALL COLOR RIGHT HERE IN THE DESERT.
COLOR RIGHT HERE IN THE DESERT. THE MOST OBVIOUS PLACES TO START
THE MOST OBVIOUS PLACES TO START IS THE LOW AND MEDIUM ELEVATION
IS THE LOW AND MEDIUM ELEVATION WHERE THE VELVET ASH TREES,
WHERE THE VELVET ASH TREES, COTTON WOODS, WILLOWS AND
COTTON WOODS, WILLOWS AND SYCAMORES SNAKE ACROSS THE
SYCAMORES SNAKE ACROSS THE CANYONS.
CANYONS. FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO WANT TO
FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO WANT TO FIND FALL COLOR RIGHT HERE IN
FIND FALL COLOR RIGHT HERE IN THE LOWER DESERT, I HAVE A
THE LOWER DESERT, I HAVE A SUGGESTION FOR YOU.
SUGGESTION FOR YOU. THE MONTH OF NOVEMBER BRINGS THE
THE MONTH OF NOVEMBER BRINGS THE FIRST CHILLY TEMPERATURES.
FIRST CHILLY TEMPERATURES. MANY DESERT PLANTS RESPOND NOT
MANY DESERT PLANTS RESPOND NOT ONLY TO THE COLD, BUT ALSO TO
ONLY TO THE COLD, BUT ALSO TO THE LACK OF MOISTURE WE USUALLY
THE LACK OF MOISTURE WE USUALLY HAVE THIS MONTH.
HAVE THIS MONTH. IN ORDER TO APPRECIATE THIS
IN ORDER TO APPRECIATE THIS SUBTLE DESERT COLOR, YOU MUST
SUBTLE DESERT COLOR, YOU MUST GET UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL.
GET UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL.
THESE PLANTS HAVE VERY SMALL
THESE PLANTS HAVE VERY SMALL LEAVES AND MANY OF THEM DO TURN
LEAVES AND MANY OF THEM DO TURN FROM BRIGHT GREEN TO YELLOW
FROM BRIGHT GREEN TO YELLOW BEFORE THEY FALL.
BEFORE THEY FALL. IF YOU PAY CLOSE ATTENTION, IT
IF YOU PAY CLOSE ATTENTION, IT WILL PAY OFF.
WILL PAY OFF.