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Friends, I will continue my lectures on energy and environment related issues with particular
reference to nonferrous metals production. Now, so far I have given definitions of some
terms which are often used very loosely. The terms I have defined, include waste pollution,
industrial pollution, air pollution. Now, in all these definitions, you would have notedthat
there is reference to adverse effects to humans, animals, plants, property; even there is reference
to discomfort and lack of enjoyment. In other words, whenever you have pollution,
there is something negative. Why I am saying it is, because I am going to gradually quantify
this idea that, when you are talking about development, we are talking about setting
up industries. There is a negative impact on life and property, and we might be able
to quantify that. Then, in one hand, we want to progress; in one hand, these negative impacts
bring us down. We have to weigh one against the otherif we are serious about. Before I
do that, let me analyze little more criticallywhat are the adverse things that happen during
processing of raw materials from the mines, and when it goes up to the secondary metals
stage. We will look at this table.
We are starting with Raw material extraction all that is coming from earth’s crust. It
implies mining, quarrying, dredging, exploration, all kinds of activities on land; all that
creates overburden means something that you have taken out from the top so as to reach
the inner layers. You reject some ores which are sub grade, sub grade minerals. We create
slurries; sometimes we create fine that we do not use. We also have things called spoils.
All kinds of things that, you are not going to put in the processing steps.
So, from this step would come all these. I am just talking about what is happening to
the land and, and, the most of the land part during all these lot of dust is going into
the air. We are not talking about that now. So, with this, we get ores, crude oil, coal,
etcetera come from an extraction process. Then, we come to a beneficiation step. After
mining, beneficiation will consist of milling, that is, crushing and grinding, washing, concentration,
up gradation by various mineral dressing processes. And during that,we will produce tailingsmeans
fractions we do not want; sands that will be rejected; slurries, dusts, solutions that
we reject. All these will go to uncovered wastes and disposal sites. Uncovered waste
and disposal sites, they would all go to that site. On this side, we are throwing into recoverable
process waste. So, whenever you are producing waste, some we do try to bring it to the left
side in this category recovery route, where there are recoverable process wastes and we
can get some recovered materials. The more we throw to this side, the more wastes
we generate; the more we put to this side, then there is more hope for mankind. Now,
after you have gone through this step, we are going to processing bulk raw material.
We have got the bulk raw materialwhich will go for steps like smelting, refining, various
processes, processing, utilities, all kinds of things, and there we produce slags, smokes,
fume, muds, dross, residues, ash, solutionsof all kinds. Much of which goes straight out
into unrecovered waste disposal site could be land, could be water body, could be just
air. To some extent, it can may go into the recoverable
process waste. From which, we get some values. From this, we get ingots pigs, chemicals,
energy; sometimes we recover energy, and then, we go into manufacturing and serviceswhere
there is assembly; there is packing, transportation, energy distribution. There what are the wastes?
Pulp, chemicals, dust, smoke, fumes, drosses, grindings, clippings, solutions, all these
are can also be rejected; sometimes it goes to the recovery route.
From all this, we getwhat we call steps towards development, and development means availability
of goods and services. That is what development is. The country is more developed when it
makes available to the population more goods and services. These go to the consumer. Then
eventually consumer will discard a lot of the material he has already used. He does
not want to keep anymore. So, there we go into the secondary materials
processing route that I discussed little while ago. We will have smelting, refining, processing,
segregation and all that. Again, there we are creating whole lot of waste – municipal,
wastes, fumes, dusts, slags. Now, the consumer produces municipal wastes, and from those
wastes if you process again during the step, we get fumes, dust, slags, drosses, pulp,
smoke, solutions; the same as we had for the processing of bulk raw materials same. Occasionally
we may be able to get metals and alloys into recoverable process waste route. The more
of this the better, but as of now there is so much of all this going into air water and
land that, our process metallurgy industry is making a tremendous adverse impact.
What happens as a result ofthis adverse impact? There is a cost of this development. How do
we find out the cost of this development? There has been lot of debate on this that,
suppose in a city you have polluted the air; there is an adverse effect on the population.
How do you calculate the adverse effect? Oneway, not the best way, but apparently that is the
simply way; simple way that we can approach the problem. It is this that, you find out
how many peoplehave been medically affected because of that pollution; it is not difficult
to do. You can take a reference population in another
citysimilar population, similar age group. See, respiratory diseases there. If you find,
if you have polluted air, only I am talking about air pollution, there will be more people
with respiratory disease. Then you estimate how much money you will have to spend to restore
your health to the original condition means make them as healthy as the other people if
it is possible. Get that means what are all things you have
to do. There are two ways of going at it. You find out what all equipment we will require
to clean the air and bring it to the condition it was when there was no pollution or you
attack the effect part. Find how much of money you have to spend on the affected people to
make them healthy. You get an estimate.
Suppose you find something aspolluted a river. You will have to find the cost of that by
finding out. Two ways you can do it - you find out equipment which will clean up the
river. How much is the cost of that equipment from data available? So, you find out how
much money you have to spend to clean up the river again. That is the cost of the development
which we did to pollute the river, get that. You always find of the financial cost for
restoringthe damaged system to the original condition. That is how one way of calculating
the financialvalue of the damage. Now, let us look at it. We will find the impacts
on only one healthand on production. There is two columns - one is low estimate; one
is high estimate; one is the average. Now, there are different ways of estimating. Some
are conservative; some are another end. So, some people have collected these data and
come up with an average value listed under major environmental costs estimated for India.
The word is important. Environmental cost, these are the environmental costs of development
and this is for India. What is been our impact on health and production
is, split into different things – urban, air pollution; urban, health, estimated yearly
517 million U S dollars. We need to restore the health. Higher estimate is this;this is
the average estimate. Water pollution, we are only talking about health impacts - urban
and rural health impacts especially diarrhoeal diseases. To find medical solution to that,
this is the average cost. Soil degradation, there is loss of agricultural
output. If your fly ash going everywhere, alkali going into them. All kinds of things,
agriculture production has gone down. To bring up the agriculture production, what you need
to do to the soil or the fertilizers that you have to put and whatever,that is going
to cost a lot of money. There is deforestation loss of substantial
timber supply. We are only talking about the timber that was coming. This case easy to
calculate once the vegetation is gone that you want to set up an industry. So, you cut
down all the trees. You have got some timber at 1 time, but there is no more timber supply.
So, you can find out for next 20 years what the loss in terms of timber supply is.
Now, when you deforest, there are certain other things happen the cost of which is very
difficult to estimate. If birds are gone, if animals disappear, and if the trees go
away, there are no more fruits and flowers. What is the cost of this loss? How would you
estimate the cost of birds not being there or animalsnot being seen? Flora and fauna,it
is very difficult. So, in all this cost calculations, one has to lament and say, we cannot estimate
the cost of loss of flora and fauna. That is actually invaluable.
It is not just the disappearance. What it does to human aesthetics to your feelings
to the lifestyle of tribal’s who live there and this cannot be estimated. So, let us ignore
it for the moment and be little morepractical. If you destroy a certain area, destroy tourism,
tourists are coming to a nice place with forests and rivers and things. Tourists do not come.
We can find out decline in tourism revenues that can be estimated. Total cost of environmental
degradation this; total cost percentage of gross domestic product 4.53 percent.
So, an estimate actually has been made that, if you take the higher estimates, then the
effect percentage effect on gross domestic product is 6.41; lower estimate is 2. Look
at this 4.5, which seems to be reasonable. Many people agree with this. So, when we are
trying to develop and by the way, this is a publication from 1998 where we at a lower
state of development, but that kind of calculation showsthat the adverse effects on land, water
and air has a cumulativefinancial impact which is adverse impact, which is equivalent to
4.5 percent of our GDP. So, If you are talking about GDP growth, this has to be taken out
of annual GDP growth. Let us look at itin a slightly different manner.
We talk about gross domestic product.This is a kind of index for our progress. How much
we are producing in the country taking to count all production steps? But now, in view
of what I mentioned just now, that has to be adjusted becausethat G D P has come at
some cost. You must estimate what you have paid for that. So, we have to deduct from
here defensive experiments. What all things you have to put in there? To stop the adverse
thing, that is happening. You have to have spend some money on restorative expenditure,
restore things to the original conditions. There are some things you have damaged; for
that, there is a damage cost.For example, suppose you have taken out minerals and ores
from mines. You have damaged the mines forever. That ore will never come back there. It is
a kind of depreciation. You have taken out your capital. You have destroyed part of the
capital you had with you from which, on which, your thing depends. So, there are methods
of calculating the value of the depreciations. This is a damage cost.
So, there iscost of restoration; there is a cost of damage; there is a defensive experiment,
expenditure. Now, example of defensive. Suppose one thousand trees are cut to clear some land.
Many states the government wants. You have to plant if you cut one thousand trees, two
thousand trees somewhere else. May be not there, but you have to compensate putting
two thousand trees elsewhere, that costs to the company.
And I have mentioned perhaps earlier; otherwise, let me mention again. If the toppart of the
soil is taken out somewhere and there are mining activities, and when mines are exhausted,
you leave the mines as such. Nothing will grow there again because it takes three hundred
years for surface of the earth to have a top soil where vegetation will grow, where microbes
will come which is have a full flora and fauna. It will take three hundred years.
Now, since there is this awareness, many companies what they are doing it? Before they start
mining, the top layer of the land is taken out kept separately. When the mining activity
is over, you have taken out most of the valuables, high value, metallic value things, and you
think you do not want to continue mining anymore. You bring in that top layer again, fill up
the mines, that will again allow flora and fauna you had in the earlier.
Now, many companies are again puttinggrowing forest there, but to cheat the system or the
controlling agencies very often, they put their fast growing species. So, that they
grow very fast. It becomes green again, but do not forget, perhaps the trees that were
cut were mangoes,neem. There were all kinds of banyan trees, other trees which grow over
hundreds of years, and they were the kind of trees where certain kind of birds will
come. If you bring in fast growing trees like you
put devdharor ashoka trees which grow very fast, but there the earlier kinds of animals,
flowers, bees or birds will not come. You change the nature of flora and fauna. You
can never recreate a forest unless you allow the same kind of trees to come with that.
That is not possible once you have finished them.
This is a tragedy that once you have cleared a forest perhaps never ever again you will
have the same forest back unless it will take 100 of years; nature will take its own course
like the mangroves we have in sundarbans. Now, because of pressure of developments settlements,
the mangroves area is declining. All that some amazing species of trees are disappearing.
Amazing species of animals, birds and flowers, they are disappearing; they will not come
back.
Even if you reclaim, remove all the settlements saythis land is left free as such. It will
take 10s if not hundreds of years for the mangrove to come back and be again like what
it was. So, when we are doing the development, we have going into a lot of trouble. Now,
we can certainly think of some measures like we can think of cleaner technologies; we have
various options. We can have substitution of non renewable resource base with renewable
resources like we can bring recycled materials all that we can do.
But as of now, there are, there is cost of defensive experiments, restorative expenditure,
the damage, and there are over estimates due to non optimal use of resources. Sometimes
you are wasting lot of resources, not using them as efficient as you should. So, that
is also causing a damage you have to estimate. So, all theseestimates will have to be deducted
from this so called Gross Development Product, so that we get an adjusted N N P which you
can clause Gross Ecological Product. So, actually G D P is not a right index of development.
We have to talk in terms of gross ecological product, which is calculated by deducting
from our GDP value - the cost of development - in terms of restorative measures, in terms
of defensive experiments, in terms of cost of damages, not proper use of raw materials,
etcetera,etcetera, etcetera.
In a minus side, I have added here depreciation of natural capital and some other things.
Anyway,I get the idea. So, let us not be always be very happy with a high GDP value. You have
to find out what it really means when you keep in mind the cost of development. Let
me sayand that is how we estimate gross ecological product. Now, let me tell you this that, what
I am saying all that is not universally accepted.It is a very debatable topic.
There are others who may have strong arguments against what I am saying, but what I am saying
is not my opinion.It is also opinion of many people who are worried about the way development
normallyoccurs, because as we grow older, we see the devastation all around. And in
this calculation of Gross Ecological Product, we are leaving aside some other things which
are more controversial. Like when you claim land, do deforestation, you remove the population
from that place. The population is displaced. Supposing you find alternate sites for them,
they are not equally happy going to the alternate sites, and just giving them a piece of land
does not mean you have given them a right substitute for the way they live together.
Will they enjoy their life as much as they did earlier? Will they be as comfortable as
they were earlier? These were the words we have used when wedefined pollution.
You have devastated populations. Now, in places like china, this happens. Recently they, few
years ago, they made a dam which supplies large part of theirenergy requirements. Hundreds
and thousands of people if not a million were relocated, but they,that is a dictatorial
regime. They can do it and perhaps they do a good job of resettlement also. They just
remove the population from here; put them elsewhere. The country has always been there.
How many of know how the Great Wall of China was built?Of course, it was built over centuries,
but much of it came in a very short period Chinese army convinced the emperor saying
that we need a defensive wallagainst the Mongols who come and attack us anytime they please.
Now, to build that wall, thousands of Chinese workers were relocated from all over china.
They were asked to come and work on the wall for months and years together. A point came
when the general and his associate associates realized that it will be a better for the
moral of the work force and for his efficiency to bring in families also.
So, 100 and 1000 of families came where the wall was being built and resettled there.
Now, china can do it like when the dam is built, many people could be resettled, but
see the problems we have. Even during Sardar Sarovar dam, we still have that problem. There
is a socio, social cost of this; there is social unrest. I do not know how to estimate
the form, and that social unrest leads to political unrest. That political unrest leads
to development being stalled as we have happening in many states, rightly or wrongly I am not
saying that, but when we talk about calculation of GDP, we should not make it a very dry subject;
it is a soft subject because there are human beings and their feelings involved.
Even if you knew all these dry calculations and come up with a Gross Ecological Product,
you have left out two very important thing - the cost of flora and fauna. You have now
do not have the flowers; you do not have the animals; you do not have the plant life where
the industries have come up. There is a cost of that which you may not know. What we will
do eventually? We do not know like you know, you cannot say kill all the snakes, because
if you kill all the snakes, then rats will multiply; rats will take away your grains.
After china became independent, some of their leaders thought that all the birds eat away
their grains. So, the, all the birds should be killed. So, entire population got busy
in killing birds; even school children were asked to kill away all the birds, and I have
been to china some ten, fifteen years ago and somebody told me count the birds. I actually
went along counted the birds. I saw only about fifteen birds in my ten days stay and most
of the birds were there near, near, the near thebirth place of chairman Mao Zedong, where
there,there, were some forests and hill sides. I could see some birds and I was counting
them. I believe now the population of birds have gone up. They must have realized that
you cannot have a country without birds. Indecently, they do not have very many wild
animals because they had large population; they have eaten away the animals. Only some
panda, they value them now becausethey are there in their in the southern area where
there are bamboo groves and bamboo plantations, bamboo jungle, but tigers are gone; many animals
are gone. Fortunately, Indians were very lucky. We love nature; we loved animals. Many of
us were vegetarians. We were, we were, taught to be kind to animals, flora, fauna and nature.
So, India is a lovely country with tremendous flora and fauna. Now, when you go in thepath
of development, we can have development without scarifying this. For that, we have to have
the awareness and this is what I am trying to give you. That when you blindly go for
development and not aware of these issues, you lose out. So, when we are calculating
this gross ecological product as I have shown, we have taken out two things - we have taken
out the cost of loosing flora and fauna; we have also taken out the possible cost of social
unrests. That can be very damaging for development. It can stop development; it can stop industry;
it can destroy industries and its beginning to happen.
There is answer to that, and that answer is before starting on a project. All the stake
holders have to be brought together. Anybody, who can be affected in terms of every parameter,
they have to be sit together. And everybody has to be convinced that thewhole thing is
for a greater good and there is those who are likely to be affected more. They have
to be satisfied more than others with remedial measures. Maybe if the tribals are to be taken
to another place, they have to be given plots. To live cultivate, they have to be given alternative
site which are even better than what they had; otherwise, why they should move.
So, again I am coming back to the point. It is a very tricky subject and very debatable
subject. How do you calculate the Gross Ecological Product, but the principle is this. From GDP,
you have to take out the cost of many things and some of them have been listed. Some we
have not listed because we do not know how to estimate social cost and loss of flora
and fauna. Let us ignore them for now.
So, to summarizethe salient issues in computation of adjusted growth in GDP would be like this;
some this is not a total. Health damage cost due to air pollution are based on population
explosion, and morbidity and mortality figure that are attributed to respiratory ailments.
We calculate from there. Ecological damage caused due to air pollution
includes vegetation loss,loss to ground water, recharge and soil erosion. Losses due to quantitative
declaim and quality degradation due to excessive withdrawal of water and ground water contamination
are estimated. If you are excessively taking out ground water, first of all you are losing
on capital that you have also it has adverse consequences. Then there are avoidance costs
for surface water contamination, for domestic and industrial waste waters. They are estimated
all kinds ofthings are estimated.
And by estimated, there are some others before I move on. Costs associated with land degradation
are productivity losses of land mass under cultivation by assuming aggregate cropping
pattern. Loss of forest services, values is estimated based on changes. You know, charges
changes in forest cover will to the guidelines of the Ministry of Benefit Cost Evaluations
of projects involving diversion of forest land mass. Bio diversity losses are not included
in the estimation of total environment and ecological losses. Not also social costs and
monetized value of natural resources used for, used for, also are estimated.
Now, I once found many years ago, somebody, one doctor khanna, who was the director of
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute. He did calculations of GDP and
EDP. That is the adjusted, estimatedadjusted value. And what he found was quite remarkable.
He said that during the ninetieswherever GDP growth rate was at 5.66, in this period, if
you adjusted, if you took into account the costs, this figure actually become minus 4.95.
Means instead of, so, development actually we were, we are falling behind; it was becoming
a worst scenario. Similar thing was there in the year ninety one to ninety five. He
took data from some other country like Papua, New Guinea. He had the data to show. There
also, they were paying for their development, but much less they were still with the plus
figures. In Austria, again which claim 2.26, when you
apply, it will become minus 0.7. Later on, it was 1; it was 0.45, but it was very veryreveling
for India that we were claiming to go ahead at 5 percent, but maybe we are going behind
by 5 percent. If you take into account, a cost that was required for the development.
Now, here, there are some remarksthat the resources and environmental degradation due
to informal sector and consumption activities are also included. Only the use of resources
in environmental services utilized in production activities accounted. 91 to 95 figures are
obtained from using the data up to 1993 etcetera,etcetera, excuse me.
Now, I do not want to put too much emphasis on the figures that are given in the table.
I would like to just get the idea. I would not even ask you to except this fact that,
when there was 5 percent, it became minus 4.7 percent; I would not even accept, but
the idea is sound that you are claimingto go in the path of development. But if you
take into account the costs of the development, you are not developing as rapidly as you think.
You may actually be not developing at all. If you think the costs elements are important,
if you think those are not important, it does not care if people have become sick, if the
land is polluted, if the water is polluted, if the flowerflora and fauna are gone.That
is a different matter. If you say, we do not care if there is social
unrest. In china, as I said, theyknew how to control it and nobody knows about there
was no hullabaloo about what happened to the dislocation of population when the dam was
built, but in our country, the social unrest continues. I should not sound political, but
you know how much ofunrest is now coming in tribal areas precisely because of this factor.
They believe that development has not touched them rather they have been exploited. The
land is gone; the livelihood is gone. So, unless the development ensures that they
also share development, our GDP is actually a figure that raises doubts. But again, I
will insist after all, this is a technical course. I am bringing in some socialthings
and soft subjects because I believethese are important. It can no longer separate hard
topics and soft topics.
Now, fortunately there are problems that there are solutions to the problems I have discussed.
It is not thatwe only talk about the problems. If we are aware and if we are sincere, we
can find solution to this problem. So, the technologies of production need not always
have a big gap with technologies of abetment. They can come together. The moment there is
a problem; there should be a technology or a policy ready.
Now, here, one way would be to have solid environmental planning. This will meet,meet,
requirements of regulatory authority. In our country today, there are strong regulatory
bodies who are very wise, who have framed very good policies, which if followed will
bring out the damages of development to the minimum. So, we need to meet requirements
of regulatory authority. It does not mean one is not aiming at profitability. Proper
environmental planning will improve profitability. We have to find financial incentives for proper
implementation of regulation. We have to protect legal liabilities that can come if there are
adverse conditions. We have to prepare plans for continual improvement. Not one time improvement
because an industry last for a long time. It must have a long term planning; the subjective
horizon must be very long. Now, we come to a wordsustainable development, and to be more
precise, ecologically sustainable development.It is a very veryimportant word - ecologically
sustainable development. You can have development, but that development may not be the kind of
development we want. By sustainable development, we mean development
which meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation
to meet its own needs. Like suppose I have some amount of money, if I want my children
to enjoy same amount of money, I should not spend the money. I should live on the interest
only, so that we do not touch the capital. So, that I can enjoy certain kind of life
with the interest from that money and my children can also enjoy that interest and have the
same kind of life. This will be a sustainable income, but if I start spending from the capital,
I will enjoy for a few years. Then the capital will be gone. My future generation will have
nothing to enjoy. So, if you consume all the good things we have, we can have a short term
progress, short term life. Then there will be nothing left.
I should tell you the story of a small island called Nauru.It is a small island. Just I
think a few square miles, small island which is in the pacific a 100 or 200 miles above
Australia. Its very hard to spot called Nauru. There was a time when Nauru had the highest
per capita income in the world. How did it happen? In the middle of nineteenth century
or may be yes, nineteenth century, one English man while going by the sea route stopped by
in that small island which was full of some vegetation and he found there were lot of
phosphates in it. How did the phosphates come there? It is said
and maybe true that all the migratory birds which went from north to south,south to north
stopped over in that island to rest and their droppings all this full of phosphate. Over
centuries made that place, the richest place to find phosphates. The entire island was
phosphates although and highly valued. The population was very small. So, they started
a phosphate industry. They had roads built only to dig out the phosphate, bring to the
coast and,and, export. Very soon they were so rich. The couple of thousand inhabitants
forgot to work. They had all their money; they set up an airline which had some 2 or
3 planes. They simply were for holiday makers to come and go, and the people were happily
digging away the phosphates. By the middle of twentieth century, they found
they floated banks, they floated this, floated that. It was totallyeverybody was supported
by the state. Nobody had to work; nobody paid taxes. Now, they find the phosphates are beginning
to lower, and very soon that they are no longer that wealthy, their airlines gone; the,the,
landscape is devastated. It was no longer the beautiful island with trees,it is not.
So, they havetried to live for a short while on their capital if only they have planned
to live well by exporting only that amount of phosphates, while on which they could have
a sustainable lifestyle; they would have been much wiser. So, the sustainable development
requires that you develop yourself wisely living on the interest, not on the capital.
So, it also means improving the quality of life while living within the carrying capacity
of the supporting eco system. What do you mean by carrying capacity? By carrying capacity
we mean, you can cause certain amount of damage to the environment, but theenvironment has
a natural restorative power, all kinds of natural processes help them to come back.
See, even twenty or thirty years ago Hindus believed that Ganges water had unnatural power
even to counteract poison, and many I have see even some documents. They showed experiments
that you put some poison in 1 gnat 300 meters away or 400 meters away, you take out the
water; you find no poison. They would say you know this cremations takes place, this
and that, but still little down the river if you drinkthe water, nothing happens.
So, it was, it was restoring itself. To some extent, this is true for any river body. In
any river if something happens little down the stream, the river can take care of itself
because it has what I have mentioned here - some carrying capacity of the supporting
ecosystem,but there is a limit during the last Kumba Mela that took place in Allahabad.
Even the Naga Sadus which are suppose to be the holiest of the holies, they refused to
take bath in the Ganges because it was so polluted. It is no longer that holy river.
There are many rivers where there is so much of pollution. If you take a dip, you get sores
on the body. You get skin diseases becausethey, pollution has now exceeded the carrying capacity
of the river;river cannot carry so much of pollution to restore itself.
At one time, our air atmosphere also had a carrying capacity. We could do something,
but the vegetation took care of the C O 2. It absorbed the C O 2, let off oxygen. C O
2 generated in industries, the sea took care of it, but now, we have generated so much
of C O 2 that it has gone beyond the carrying capacity of, of, the atmosphere. So, that
is the concept of carrying capacity. Now, the basic principles of ecological, ecologically
sustainable development itself are summarized in many texts.I have summarized in my book
on energy in materialsand metallurgical industries which I have shown to you once.Now, energy
and environment are related specially in India since commercial energy comes mostly from
thermal power plants. This is a tragedy in our case. You know by now that in France,
80 percent of energy is coming from nuclear power, nuclear reactors.
When that happens, you are not generating C O 2; you are not doingclimate change. In
Denmark, where in the capital recently that internationalgot together on climate change
and global warming took place. The Denmark is very vociferous against C O 2 emission
because it is in so situated that high winds blow in the sea shores fifty percentof their
energy demand is made by wind mills, wind power.
So, they can claim that they are using a very clean source of energy wind.It is not generating
any C O 2, their very happy state of affairs. In India, we do not have that kind of currents.
That kind of tradition, we are generating by the way about 8 percent of our energy demand
by wind power, but we cannot do without coal. We do not have that in the nuclear power plant.
There are some countries where a lot of power is coming from dams, hydroelectricity. Once
you have built them, if the water is allowed to flow through the, they will rotate generator
generate electricity.
Like if you go to North Vietnam or in that area Mekong River, they have the dams; they
have surplus energy.That is why India wants to put up aluminum plants there becausewe
have theskill and technology; they have the power, but in India, unfortunately we have
to have this, and that is why our energy and environment issues are related in India because
of thermal power plants. Now, their exist much scope for reduction
in energy consumption. Remember, there can be improved technology; there can be improved
instrumentation; there can be improved process control. So, we would go to discuss some of
the enough scope. So, first of all existing technologies which have adverse effect can
be improved. We can think about alternateenergy sources, wind nuclear power, solar power.
Unfortunately, many of these technologies are not. So, well developed or yet not. So,
economic they will come and immediately becomes substitutes, but work has to go on. So, I
will continue this discussion after little break.Thank you.