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>> GREAT.
THANK YOU, KAREN.
KAREN HAS HELPED PROVIDE THE
FOUNDATION FOR TODAY'S
DISCUSSION.
NOW WE'RE GOING TO ASK
DR. RICHARD CATALANO TO TELL US ABOUT THE
RESEARCH ON PYD AND ITS IMPACT
ON TEEN PREGNANCY PREVENTION,
MENTAL HEALTH, AND SUBSTANCE
ABUSE.
>> THANK YOU, WILMA.
THANKS FOR INVITING ME TO COME
TO SPEAK TO YOU.
THANK YOU IN THE AUDIENCE, BOTH
LOCALLY AND NATIONALLY FOR
JOINING US FOR THIS HOUR ON
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT.
AS WILMA SAID, I AM THE DIRECTOR
OF THE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
RESEARCH GROUP.
ALONG WITH DAVID HAWKINS, THE
FOUNDING DIRECTOR, AND KEVIN HAGGERTY, OUR
ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, WE HAVE BEEN
DOING RESEARCH ON YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
FOR OVER 30 YEARS.
I HAVE TWO OBJECTIVES FOR TODAY.
THE FIRST OBJECTIVE IS REALLY TO
SAY WHY -- TO SHARE WITH YOU WHY
WE SHOULD CARE ABOUT PREVENTING
ADOLESCENT RISKY SEX,
TEEN PREGNANCY,
AND OTHER KINDS OF
ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS.
THE SECOND OBJECTIVE IS TO SAY
WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT PROGRAMS
AND DO PROGRAMS EFFECT YOUTH
DEVELOPMENT?
CAN WE INSERT THESE YOUTH
DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES THAT KAREN
TALKED ABOUT INTO PROGRAMS AND
CAN THEY ACTUALLY CHANGE THE
TRAJECTORY THAT KIDS ARE ON
DURING ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG
ADULTHOOD?
SO I'M GOING TO TALK TO YOU A
LITTLE BIT ABOUT AN EVALUATION
OF POSITIVE YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMS THAT WAS COMMISSIONED
BY THE CENTER FOR DISEASE
CONTROL.
AND MY PARTNERS IN THAT WERE
LORRIE GAVIN, THE MAIN PERSON AT
THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL,
CHRIS MARCUM, AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF TEXAS.
I HAD THE HONOR TO BE A SENIOR
ADVISOR AND THEY DID ALL THE
WORK.
IT WAS A GREAT OPPORTUNITY FOR
ME AT THAT TIME.
AND WE REALLY LOOKED AT YOUTH
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS THAT HAD AN
IMPACT ON ADOLESCENT *** RISK
BEHAVIOR, AND THROUGH THE WHOLE
GAMUT FROM INITIATING SEX EARLY
TO CONTRACTING AN STI, TO HAVING
A PREGNANCY DURING THE TEENAGE
YEARS.
SO FIRST OF ALL, THE ANSWER TO
THE FIRST QUESTION ABOUT WHY WE
SHOULD CARE ABOUT PREVENTING
RISKY SEX AND OTHER KINDS OF
ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS, JUST A
COUPLE OF DATA SLIDES.
HERE IS A SLIDE THAT SHOWS WE'VE
MADE SOME PROGRESS OVER THE
YEARS IN REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF
INITIATION OF *** ACTIVITY
THAT KIDS ENGAGE IN DURING HIGH
SCHOOL.
BUT STILL, 45 TO 60% OF THE KIDS
ARE ACTUALLY ENGAGED IN EARLY
*** ACTIVITY, OR ACTIVITY
DURING HIGH SCHOOL.
AND IS THIS REALLY -- THIS
REALLY IS A PUBLIC HEALTH
PROBLEM, BECAUSE WE HAVE ABOUT
3/4 OF A MILLION TEENS EVERY
YEAR GET PREGNANT, EVEN THOUGH
WE HAD PROGRESS ON THAT OVER THE
YEARS, SINCE 1991, AS WILMA
POINTED OUT.
WE STILL -- THAT'S STILL
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERN.
ALMOST A MILLION -- 3/4 OF A
MILLION.
OVER A QUARTER OF THOSE
ADOLESCENCE TODAY HAVE CONTRACTED SOME
TYPE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
INFECTION.
IN ADDITION TO THAT, WE SEE THAT
THESE BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS GOING
BEYOND JUST RISKY ***
BEHAVIOR, BUT THINGS LIKE MENTAL
HEALTH PROBLEMS, RISKY DRIVING,
YOUTH VIOLENCE, AND TEEN
PREGNANCY, ALCOHOL, AND
SUBSTANCE USE OFTEN INVOLVED IN
MANY OF THESE DIFFERENT
BEHAVIORS, ACCOUNT FOR ABOUT 72%
OF ALL DEATHS OF YOUNG PEOPLE.
SO THESE TYPES OF FORMS OF
MORTALITY ARE ACTUALLY DUE TO
BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS.
AS WILMA SAID AT THE BEGINNING,
TEEN PREGNANCY CAN BE PREVENTED,
SO CAN THESE DIFFERENT PROBLEMS
BE PREVENTED AS WELL.
AND THERE IS A LONG HISTORY OF
RESEARCH SHOWING THAT.
SO I'M GOING TO SHARE WITH YOU
TODAY SOME DATA ON YOUTH
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS, TELL YOU
ABOUT HOW WE STRUCTURED OUR
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM REVIEW.
WE STARTED WITH A LARGE
SELECTION OF PROGRAMS BUT WE
STILL HAD TO HAVE CRITERIA FOR
HOW -- WHAT WOULD COUNT AS A
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.
KAREN HAS GIVEN GREAT IDEAS
ABOUT WHAT A YOUTH -- WHAT YOUTH
DEVELOPMENT IS, AND WE LOOKED
FOR PROGRAMS THAT HAD USED MANY
DIFFERENT YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
CONSTRUCTS, PUT THEM INTO THEIR
PROGRAMS, AND WE DECIDED THAT IF
A PROGRAM WOULD ADDRESS AT LEAST
ONE YOUTH DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCT
ACROSS MULTIPLE DOMAINS--FAMILY,
SCHOOL, COMMUNITY--OR IF THERE
WERE MULTIPLE YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
CONCEPTS THAT KAREN MENTIONED,
THAT WOULD FIT INTO A SINGLE
DOMAIN LIKE AT SCHOOL, OR IN THE
FAMILY, BUT THEY ADDRESSED
MULTIPLE YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
CONSTRUCTS, WE COULD INCLUDE
THEM IN OUR REVIEW.
WE FOCUSED AGAIN, AS KAREN SAID,
ON BOTH PROMOTION PROGRAMS OR
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AS
WELL AS PREVENTION PROGRAMS, AS
LONG AS THEY ADDRESSED THESE
CRITICAL YOUTH DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTS.
WE LOOKED AT PROGRAMS THAT
ADDRESSED YOUTH THAT WERE 20
YEARS OF AGE OR YOUNGER.
HOW DID THE -- THAT WAS THE
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT OR PROGRAM
DESCRIPTION CRITERIA.
WE ALSO HAD A SET OF CRITERIA
FOR THE METHODS OR FOR THE
EVALUATION METHODS THEMSELVES.
THEY HAD TO BE AN EXPERIMENTAL
OR QUASI EXPERIMENTAL STUDY,
THOSE ARE THE MOST RIGOROUS
KINDS OF STUDIES
THEY HAVE, THEY ANSWER,
A "COMPARED TO WHAT" QUESTION.
COMPARING THOSE WHO WERE IN THE
PROGRAM, COMPARED TO THOSE WHO
WERE LIKE THEM, BUT NOT
HAVING THE OPPORTUNITY TO
PARTICIPATE IN THE PROGRAM.
THEY HAD APPROPRIATE STATISTICAL
METHODS, AS WELL AS, IN THE
PARTICULAR CASE, WE WANTED TO
SEE THAT THE PROGRAM ASSESSED AT
LEAST ONE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
OUTCOME MEASURED DURING
ADOLESCENCE.
SO WE SET ABOUT LOOKING AT A LOT
OF DIFFERENT ELECTRONIC
DATABASES.
WE LOOKED AT 8 DIFFERENT ONES,
LOOKED AT 20 YEAR PERIOD, LITTLE
OVER 20 YEARS.
SO WE'RE LOOKING AT PUBLISHED
LITERATURE AS WELL AS WHAT'S
CALLED THE GRAY LITERATURE,
THOSE ARE PUBLISHED --
UNPUBLISHED REPORTS IN AGENCIES
AND OTHER PLACES.
BUT THAT USED THESE METHODS.
AND WE SUMMARIZED THEM IN A
STANDARD REVIEW FORM THAT TWO
PEOPLE HAD CODED.
AND THE PROGRAM SUMMARIES
THEMSELVES WE CHECKED THOSE OUT
WITH THE PROGRAM DEVELOPERS TO
MAKE SURE THAT WE WERE FOLLOWING
TRUE TO WHAT THEY INTENDED.
WHAT WE FOUND WAS OUT OF
HUNDREDS OF POTENTIAL REPORTS ON
EVALUATION, ABOUT 30 PROGRAMS
MET OUR ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA,
BOTH IN THE PROGRAM AND YOUTH
DEVELOPMENT AREA, AS WELL AS IN
THE METHODS AND MAKING SURE THAT
THEY WERE STRONG AND RIGOROUSLY
TESTED.
THESE PROGRAMS WERE AVAILABLE,
WERE ACTUALLY PUT IN PLACE
ACROSS DEVELOPMENT FROM EARLY
ON, AGES 3 AND 5, TO
MID CHILDHOOD AND PRIMARY SCHOOL,
AS WELL AS MIDDLE AND HIGH SCHOOL
TIMEFRAMES, EARLY OR LATE
ADOLESCENCE.
THEY WEREN'T ALWAYS DONE IN
SCHOOLS, SOME WERE DONE IN
FAMILIES, SOME COMMUNITIES, SOME
WERE DONE IN SCHOOLS THEMSELVES.
AND WHAT WE FOUND OF THOSE 30
PROGRAMS THAT MET THE CRITERIA,
ABOUT HALF OF THEM WERE
EFFECTIVE AND HAD AN IMPACT ON
AT LEAST ONE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
OUTCOME.
AS YOU CAN SEE ON THIS CHART,
THERE IS DIFFERENT TYPES OF
HEALTH OUTCOMES,
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES,
WERE FOUND IN DIFFERENT PROGRAMS.
AND THE REALLY INTERESTING THING,
COMPARED TO A LOT OF SEX
EDUCATION PROGRAMS, WHICH WE
KNOW ARE VERY IMPORTANT, AND
THEY ARE -- THERE ARE EFFECTIVE
MODELS OF SEX EDUCATION
PROGRAMS, PARTICULARLY IN
SCHOOLS, BUT THEY OFTEN HAVE
SMALL AND MEDIUM TERM EFFECTS.
WHAT WE FOUND WITH THESE YOUTH
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IS
THAT WAS REALLY
SURPRISING IN SOME WAYS, IS THAT
SOMETHING THAT STARTED IN EARLY
CHILDHOOD COULD ACTUALLY HAVE
IMPACTS INTO YOUNG ADULTHOOD,
THINGS THAT STARTED IN PRIMARY
SCHOOL COULD HAVE MULTIPLE YEARS
OF IMPACT THAT IT CONTINUES TO
PUT KIDS ON A BETTER TRAJECTORY,
WE FOUND THESE PROGRAMS REALLY
SUSTAINED THEIR IMPACT BEYOND
THE INTERVENTION.
MANY AFFECTED OTHER YOUTH
OUTCOMES, INCLUDING THINGS LIKE
POSITIVE EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES,
REDUCING VIOLENCE, SUBSTANCE
USE, MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMS.
NOT ALL THE PROGRAMS EFFECTED
ALL OF THESE.
IF YOU -- REFER
PACK TO SLIDE TWO IN THE REVIEW
YOU CAN CHECK
OUT WHICH PROGRAMS HAD WHICH
OUTCOME.
JUST TO DO A QUICK SUMMARY HERE,
MOST PROGRAMS TARGETED YOUTH
THAT WERE ALREADY AT HIGH RISK.
WHETHER THEY WERE LIVING IN
DISORGANIZED OR LOW INCOME
NEIGHBORS, MANY OF THE KIDS
PARTICIPATING IN THE PROGRAMS
WERE SINGLE PARENT -- FROM
SINGLE PARENT HOUSEHOLDS.
CHILDREN OF DIVORCE.
SO THEY WERE ALL MOSTLY HIGH
RISK KIDS.
14 OF THE 15 PROGRAMS USED MIXED
GENDER GROUPS.
AND ABOUT HALF OF THE PROGRAMS
WERE IN MIXED RACIAL OR ETHNIC
GROUPS.
AS YOU CAN SEE ON THE SLIDE,
SOME WERE SPECIFIC TO DIFFERENT
GROUPS.
YOU CAN SEE THE MOST IMPORTANT
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS ARE
THE ONES THAT WERE USED IN HALF
OR MORE OF THE EFFECTIVE
PROGRAMS.
ON THIS LIST AS WELL AS THOSE
THAT WERE ONLY IN ABOUT A
QUARTER OF THE PROGRAMS.
AND IN CONCLUSION, THERE IS
EVIDENCE THAT POSITIVE YOUTH
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS CAN PROMOTE
ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.
AND MANY AFFECT OTHER OUTCOMES
AS WELL.
THEY HAVE A RELATIVELY ROBUST
AND SUSTAINED EFFECT.
AND THEY HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO
REDUCE HEALTH DISPARITIES AMONG
DISADVANTAGED POPULATIONS.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.