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Let me remind you
What we have learnt in high school probably. How a country can claim a maritime area based on this United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
This is the water here, and this is what we call baselines.
Baseline is a point from where
you claim the water or maritime area. This is what we cal internal waters inside it.
And then territorial sea for 12 nautical miles and then contiguous zone, Exclusive Economic Zone over here.
continental shelf, and we have also
'laut bebas' or high seas
and then The Area. So the idea is to tell you basically that a country can really claim
basically, based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a very large maritime area
from its coastlines. And also to tell you, if we talk about territorial sea for example, it covers actually not only the ocean but also the air space
so it covers three layers: the airspace, the water and also the seabed.
While if we talk about
continental shelf, it covers only the seabed. So if we talk about continental shelf
it means we are not talking about fish for example
but oil and gas
it also comes
in 3D
like movies
This is the baseline
I think it is easier for you to imagine this. And this is the limit of the territorial sea, Exclusive Economic Zone, which covers the waters and the seabed only
and
this is continental shelf, which only covers the seabed.
I don't think I have to explain more because
the animation already tells you quite well. And this in particular
the EEZ
is a new regime. So it came only
in the third united nations conference on the law
of the sea
which is then
accommodated in the
Law of the Sea Convention 1982
So before, we didn't really recognise this regime
Ho is it actually done? We talk about the distance, 12 nautical miles, 24 nautical miles, 200 nautical miles,
from the coastline
This is how it is done actually
So you are seeing the method we call the envelop of arc. This is how we define the outer limits of
For example, if the arc is on a 12 nautical miles, it means that this is would be the outer limits of territorial sea
if you agree with me.
So we can see that
these are irrelevant basepoints here, which
are not useful in this case.
So this is actually the territorial sea now, belongs to this country
So some of you might think this way. That it is actually the replica of
the coastline and then placed in the twelve nautical miles. It is not the case. Which is
you can see the difference here. If you use that method,
you will lose this much, around that much of territorial sea. So the one that is used is the first one
the envelop of arcs. Okay
and it was the normal baseline, what we call. Normal baseline is the baseline
that follows the shape of the coast. But if the coast
is like this, irregular, a country can define what we call a straight baseline
and then
this is how they claim the limit of the territorial sea from that particular
baselines
Okay, by now
you can really tell that I am a very technical person, right? Is there any lawyer here?
or
political scientists? If I am a lawyer, the slides will look like this
So how about Indonesia? Indonesia is an archipelagic State. So it does not claim territorial sea or
other maritime area from each island
but from
lines we call
archipelagic baselines. So instead of claiming it from each island, Indonesia
enclose itself into a system called archipelagic baseline
and then from that particular baselines Indonesia can claim
territorial sea
EEZ and so on and so forth
So
if you look at the illustration here
this is how Indonesia is illustrated
best actually. So this is the baseline
and then all waters within
is called archipelagic waters, which belong to indonesia or belong to that particular archipelagic State.
And this is internal waters
territorial sea of 12 nautical miles and
then contiguous zone and
EEZ are here and
Continental shelf. So
theoretically speaking, it can claim
a very large maritime area, right. So if we illustrate
this way
a small dot in the ocean can actually claim a very large maritime area
theoretically, like one single country, very tiny,
if there is no neighbours around it can claim like one million times
of its land size
which is huge, based on the United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea
But is it possible for a country to do that? Of course not because countries are close each other rights? The distance are close each other.
So that's why, a country need to share the ocean with others
This is the illustration. If there is a country A and country B
here, neighbours. Very close each other.
The first they have to define is the baselines
And then from baselines they claim
territorial sea and then contiguous zone,. So up to this point, no problem. They don't have to negotiate
They don't have to fight. But as soon as the country cliam EEZ
which is 200 nautical miles. And State B is also entitled too, there will be overlapping claim. And then here where maritime boundaries are require.
And of course that this is not that easy. If this is this easy Pak, I wouldn't be here. Yes, this is basically what happen and how a country
or two countries need to delimit their maritime boundaries
So, this is then the final
arrangement after the delimitation.
So if you are with me, this is actually the maritime boundary,
sorry, the EEZ limits of State A.
right
which is defined unilaterally, while this
part, also the limit but defined bilaterally
This is what we call limit and this part is what we call boundaries
So that's why we use a different terms
limits and boundaries, in this case.
So to define this, of course very easy because it is unilateral. But to define this,
it can take like decades
because it is involving at least
two countries to negotiate