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{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2236191 In the mid-1750s, a new era of dramatic transformation
began for the Indians of the western G reat Lakes. As with the Iroquois Wars a century
earlier, the sources of these changes were usually far to the east. The French and Indian
War (1754-1763)--a part of what was known in Europe as the Seven Years' War--was fought
primarily in the upper Ohio v a
lley and Canada, as well as at sea and in Europe, Africa, India, and the Caribbean.
Some Illinois Indians aided the French against the British, but there was no fighting in
Illinois itself. Nonetheless, British victories at Quebec (1759) and Montreal (176
0 ) and throughout the world forced the French
off the North American mainland entirely; at the end of the war in 1763, France ceded
Canada to Great Britain and Louisiana to Spain. The relationship that the Indians of the pays
d'en haut and the French had c rafted over the course of generations had
ended. \par Initially, the British showed little
inclination to create a similar relationship based on trade, gift giving, and diplomacy
in the western Great Lakes. But events during the summer of 1763 forced them to re
think their plans. In what became known as Pontiac's Rebellion (or Pontiac's War), Indians
from dozens of tribes and villages attacked thirteen British forts in the upper Ohio valley
and the western Great Lakes. Nine of these forts fell. As the British re
g ained control of the more eastern forts during
the fall of 1763, the focal point of resistance shifted west to Illinois, where French settlers,
traders, and soldiers and many Indians still dreamed of a French return to North America.
But the collapse of t h
e resistance elsewhere and the decision of Pontiac to seek peace in early 1765 brought
an end to this dream. The British were not driven from the western Great Lakes, but they
did begin to act in ways that more nearly met native expectations as they recog
nized that it was cheaper to give gifts and regulate trade than to fight battles and defend
forts. \par In the aftermath of the French and Indian
War and Pontiac's Rebellion, the population of Illinois continued to change. Many of the
remaining French traders, settlers, and soldiers crossed the Mississippi
in 1765 and established St. Louis in what was soon to become Spanish Louisiana. Many
Illinois followed their longtime allies across the river. By the end of the 1760s, the Illinois
had either abandoned, or be en driven from, most of northern, central,
and eastern Illinois. Kickapoos, Mascoutens, Potawatomis, Sauks, Foxes, and Piankeshaws
farmed, hunted, and fished much of the territory previously controlled by the once dominant
Illinois confederation. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6183098
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