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Ladies and gentlemen, it's time for the evening's keynote speaker.
Professor Lawrence Krauss is a theoretical physicist and cosmologist.
He is a professor of physics at Arizona State University
, where he also heads the project Origins.
It is an interdisciplinary project that explores fundamental questions-
-about who we are and where we come from.
He is best known for their contributions to cosmology.
He was one of the first physicists who suggested -
-that most of the mass of the universe and energy in empty space.
Today is the idea known as dark energy.
He has also written several best sellers -
-including "The Physics of Star Trek" and "Quantum Man" -
-Which was about the legendary physicist Richard Feynman.
His latest book, "A universe from nothing" -
-came in Swedish last year.
You who follow foreign media may know -
-that Professor Krauss caused an uproar sharply in London last week.
Religious students at University College London invited him-
- to debate the science versus religion.
He saw that the audience was segregated.
Women sat at the back and men at the front.
Professor Krauss refused to participate in the debate-
-before they had resolved this.
How it all ended ye may know online.
Debate over the debate is still ongoing.
I should have warned Professor Krauss. Our audience is also segregated.
String Theorists get to sit at the back. I hope it goes well.
Ladies and gentlemen, a round of applause for Professor Lawrence Krauss.
Thank you!
It is an honor to be here. Thank you for coming such a fine evening.
At home, no one would have come. But in Phoenix, we never like this weather.
I guess you apologized because I did not get the Nobel Prize in 2012 -
-for the discovery of dark energy, but I accept that.
I hope this will be fun and that you get something out of it.
I wanted to give you something to read during the presentation.
But it also has to do with Origins.
The most important mysteries is the way.
I want to tell you about a series of mysteries-
-on our way there and about what they mean to us.
I rise on a question-
-that has eluded us for a long, which Chris also pointed out.
Why is there anything? People have always asked that question.
What created the universe with stars and galaxies out of nothing?
It has always been God's last bastion.
So it is perhaps no longer.
The question has many answers, but one will not commit to one of them.
You should ask the universe. It is my firm belief-
-that our beliefs must be adapted to reality and not vice versa.
In a television program, I tried to convince Republican party about it.
It was not so good.
The question can be answered in many ways.
You can start at the beginning-
and write a book that does not explain anything at all.
Or you can ask the universe, and I will talk about today.
There are 400 billion galaxies in the universe .
This is one of my favorite pictures from the Hubble Space Telescope.
Each bright spot is a galaxy with perhaps 100 billion stars.
Some of the galaxies are over 10 billion light years away.
This means that the light from the stars is 10 billion years old.
Most of the stars no longer exists.
Every time I see these pictures I realize that the universe-
-is far more fascinating than in mythology.
Universe surprises us in ways that our imagination can not prepare for.
I wrote a book about "Star Trek," but science-
-will always be more interesting than science fiction.
I want to start almost at the beginning, with this man.
He offers hope for humanity.
The Edwin Hubble. He was attorney-
and saddled for the astronomer, so there is hope for everyone.
Hubble was fascinating. I'll talk to about his great discoveries-
-but I want to mention another discovery at Mount Wilson Observatory.
For a generation ago, 87 years ago-
-Universe consisted of a galaxy, at least in the eyes of science.
It was static, it had always existed and would always exist.
It consisted of a single galaxy surrounded by an eternal void.
That was the prevailing image for just 87 years ago.
Today we know as I said to 400 billion galaxies.
We are similar to the first kartritarna starting to understand how big the world is.
Not surprisingly, , we are constantly surprised.
Hubble's first discovery was that there were other galaxies-
and that our galaxy was not the only one.
At Mount Wilson Observatory, he studied nebulae -
-which means "foggy" in Greek.
When he aimed the telescope at them, he saw that they were other galaxies.
We know 400 billion.
But his most important discovery was that the universe is not static-
-without expanding. So it had a beginning.
It is crucial for science, philosophy, and even theology.
How did he do? I'll show you.
This is his own illustration.
These are galaxies, not ***.
This is our galaxy. Hubble saw that when you observe other galaxies-
-they move always away from us.
The twice as far away moves twice as fast.
They are three times as far away moves three times as fast.
What is the picture? That we center of the Universe, of course.
My friends say that it is not true.
It shows that the universe is expanding.
But we seem to be the focal point, so how do we know that the universe is expanding?
This is hard to explain, because we live in our universe.
Most of us. Many politicians in my country do not.
You have to go outside the universe, which is difficult -
-but it goes in a two-dimensional universe.
I have placed galaxies at a specific time, t1.
A little later, the universe is larger, distance between galaxies increased.
Outside the universe would see it expanded.
What would you see if you lived in the universe? We choose a galaxy.
In order to understand what it looks like-
-I put one picture over the other.
As you can see exactly what Hubble saw. Galaxies moving away from us.
The twice as far away tubes twice as fast, and so on.
No matter what galaxy choosing.
Each point is the center of the universe, or it's not there.
This shows that the universe is expanding, , and then it had a beginning.
Nowadays we know that it was for 13.72 billion years ago.
Except in Alabama, Arkansas, Ohio and a few seats.
But it was for 13.72 billion years ago, as the universe has a beginning.
The next big question was how the universe will end.
Would the universe stop expanding, pulled together and then collapse-
Or continue forever?
As particle physicists I became interested in cosmology-
-because I wanted to know how the universe would go under. It made sense then.
Then we must first know how much matter the universe contains .
Einstein made an amazing discovery 1916th
The room is curved by matter and energy. The room is dynamic.
The general theory of relativity describes the room's evolution.
Since space is curved may have an interesting geometry.
It can have one of three geometries: open, closed or flat.
I can not draw a curved three-dimensional universe.
We live in three dimensions and can not be imagine three curved dimensions.
Curved two-dimensional universe can help us.
However, even in two dimensions , the three different geometries.
A sphere is a closed, two-dimensional universe.
Open and flat universe is like paper.
I can not draw them, but I know what happens in them.
In the end, three-dimensional universe could see himself behind.
Room would buckle.
But the important thing is that in a universe dominated by matter-
-expands a closed universe to then drawn together in a large crusher.
An open universe expands forever -
and a flat universe teetering on the brink.
In order to determine the future of the universe we must know that we live in.
And because the universe geometry is determined by the amount of matter-
-we just need to weigh the universe. No more.
Weighing the universe is a 80 year long history. I wrote a book about it.
Now we know the answer. It's a great step forward.
The last forty years, our picture of the universe changed completely.
But first a little history.
There might be youngsters here who want to become scientists.
Then you will write articles-
and send them to magazines as the venerable Science.
Then you will be rejected, but do not lose suction.
It was easier to be published past.
I'll show you an article published in Science 1936th
"Light Effects of stars because of the refraction of light in the gravitational field."
Here began the article:
"Some time ago I was visited by RW Mandl " -
- "who asked me to publish the results for a small calculation."
"Hereby I meet him."
Try it today, you will see. It was easier before.
The author's name was Albert Einstein, and it helped enough.
He found this was unimportant.
He had shown that light follow curved paths in space-
and therefore around massive objects. It made him famous.
But if there is a light source behind a solid object
-bends light to give enhanced. Object acts as a lens.
It enlarges, as my glasses.
If I was looking through a crystal I would see many pictures of you.
This, he realized, but he thought it was unimportant.
This is what his calculations out 1936th He had forgotten-
-that he had done exactly the same calculation 1912th
In a letter to the editor he wrote:
"Thanks to cooperation with scripture as Mr. Mandl squeezed out of me."
"It has no more value, , but the poor guy gets the happy."
This is real science.
But the calculation is important. It allows us to weigh the universe.
Here we see the phenomenon that Einstein never thought we would see.
This is an image from the Hubble of a galaxy cluster.
Each bright spot is a galaxy, is not a star.
Galaxy Cluster is 5 billion light years away.
The light was sent out before the earth was formed. The Earth is 4.5 billion years old.
Galaxy clusters are the largest massive objects in the universe.
Anything that can be pulled together forming clusters -
, so if we can weigh them, we can weigh the universe.
We do this by using the gravitational lens effect.
It does not take rocket scientist for discovering weird blue things here.
They are a reflection of the same galaxy
-5 billion light years behind the galaxy cluster, ie 10 billion light years from us.
It should not go to see, but the image is magnified by the room.
Images show the same object. How the gravitational lens effect.
It proves that space is curved.
The general theory of relativity shows that mass curves space-
-so we can weigh galaxy cluster.
We can calculate how much mass needed-
-to get this picture.
With a complicated mathematical inversion get this kind of picture.
This is a picture of the mass in the system. Peaks show galaxies located.
There are lots of pulp where there are no galaxies.
Between galaxies there a large amount of pulp.
The picture shows 40 times more mass than you can see.
There are also large amounts invisible mass around each galaxy.
Ten times more than the visible mass in the galaxy center.
40 times more here, and it's the same in each galaxy cluster and in each galaxy.
The dominant topics emit no light.
Because we physicists are so linguistically creative we call it dark matter.
We've found that the dominant element in the universe is not lit.
There are at least ten times more matter than we can see.
More than all the stars, galaxies and hot gases.
What makes this so exciting, for me and for others-
-is that it is a well known fact-
-that the amount of protons and neutrons not enough.
It made an order of magnitude.
We think we know that dark matter consists of a new kind of elementary particle
-that is not in your bodies.
It's exciting, because we can look after particle without telescopes.
If there is a kind of gas by elementary particles, they are here.
The father right through you while you nod to.
We can build detectors - underworld actually - and look for them.
I have a picture of a detector I proposed many years ago.
I have just been to Rome and looked at them.
I tweeted about a closed meeting in Rome, but not a meeting you think.
My about something with substance.
I could not resist.
We put dark matter detectors underground. Why?
We are bombarded daily by radiation that goes right through us-
and sometimes causes cancer.
Underground detector protected of bedrock-
and dark matter, which we believe interacts weakly with matter-
-goes straight through the earth and the detector.
It cools germanium to just above absolute zero.
Particles usually goes straight through them-
-but they may sometimes collide with a nucleus of germanium
and then increasing the temperature with a millidegree.
Detectors are protected from the radiation.
You build detectors in mines
-in Europe, Japan, Canada and the United States.
We hope to detect what dark matter is.
But there is a contest.
We believe that dark matter particles created at the Big ***.
You can look for the particles that remain -
or create a Big *** in miniature in a laboratory.
This is done at the Large Hadron Collider, when it is running.
Where we recreate conditions in the early universe-
-when it was a millionth of a millionth of a second old .
We hope to create dark matter particles.
There is a race on to find dark matter particles.
We do not know who will win.
We can know what the universe mostly consists of.
But we do not know what it is, just how much there is.
Then we have to weigh it.
The image shows the mass like this system.
After eighty years we finally weighted universe.
Here is the answer. I ought to have a drum roll.
There it is. People pass out at the back.
When physicists calculate something important they give result a Greek letter - Omega.
It is the ratio between the amount of matter in the universe-
and the amount required for a flat universe.
A flat, three-dimensional universe is not flat as a sheet of paper.
It is your usual universe-
-the x-, y-and z-axis is vertical and the light travels in a straight line.
It is your usual universe, no curvature.
If the universe is flat, is omega equal to 1.
Amount of material divided by the amount that creates a flat universe.
If Omega is less than 1 is universe is open, otherwise it is closed.
After much effort, we have now conclusively proven-
-the amount of matter is 30 percent of what is required for a flat universe.
We seem to have responded cosmology big issue. The universe is open.
But there's a problem. We are theoretical physicists had the answer.
We always do. We rarely have the right, but we always have the answer.
We knew that the universe is flat, for only it is mathematically beautiful.
Observers were wrong, of course. It was very frustrating.
But although everything pointed to an open universe, there was a problem.
But if you weigh matter around galaxies can miss something.
Also takes a detour if you weigh all matter-
and calculate the expansion of the universe and curvature.
Is not it better to measure the universe's geometry directly?
Of course! And in just over a decade we have been able to do it.
I'll show you how.
How to measure the universe's geometry? We start simple.
How to measure the Earth's curvature without traveling round the world-
or into space? It's simple.
Draw a triangle and issue a Swedish high school student - not an American-
-what angle sum becomes.
Then they say that it is 180 degrees. They can his Euclid.
However, a curved surface, such as the earth's surface, is different.
I draw a line along the equator, to the North Pole and down again.
I get a triangle with three right angles.
3 times 90 is equal to the 270th
A sufficiently large triangle would show that the earth's surface is curved-
-because the sum is not always going to be 180 degrees.
It is not just for two-dimensional, curved surfaces-
-but also for the curved, three-dimensional space.
If you have a large enough triangle and measure its angles-
-we can measure the curvature of the universe, , and we have done that.
We use one of the most important cosmological discoveries -
-the cosmic microwave background, after the heat of the big ***.
What is it? If we look at galaxies one billion light years away-
-light is one billion years old.
When we study the universe, we study cosmic archeology.
If the universe is 13.7 billion years old-
-should be able to see the big *** somewhere in the distance.
It can, in principle, but there is a wall between us and the big ***.
Not a physical wall, but a metaphorical.
The farther back in time you look, , the warmer the universe.
If we go back at 100 000 years after the Big ***
-was the temperature of the Universe 3000 degrees above absolute zero.
Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe , broken here.
Protons and electrons separated from one another by the radiation.
Previously there was no neutral matter.
Protons and electrons formed a "dense" plasma.
But a plasma is impervious to radiation.
It is impervious to this curtain.
Universe had always been impervious -
, but after 100 000 years had cooled-
-so that protons and electrons could form neutral matter.
Neutral matter passes radiation can reach us.
Big *** theory predicts that radiation reach us from all sides.
The universe has cooled since then, to 3 degrees above absolute zero.
This radiation was discovered by chance in New Jersey, 1965 -
-The two guys who had a clue.
They received the Nobel Prize yet.
You do not know what to do to get the Nobel Prize.
I do not want to be condescending. You only need to discover something important.
This was important, it was after the heat of the big ***.
You who are a bit older may have seen this.
Discovery has received two Nobel prizes.
If one depicts this surface-
-get a picture of the universe as newborn.
The surface called "last scattering surface". When the universe became neutral.
This is an important measure, one degree angle. Why?
This represents a distance of 100,000 light years.
Universe is here 100,000 years old.
According to Einstein, no information travel faster than light.
Nothing happens on this surface can affect something over here-
-because the light can only travel so far at 100 000 years.
This is important. If I have a lump of matter-
-gravity causes it to collapse and becomes warmer.
But such a large lump do not even know that it is a lump.
It does not collapse, the gravitational travels also in the speed of light.
The largest lumps that have collapsed This measure exactly one degree.
Then we get a ruler.
We consider the surface along a 100 000 light-years long rule.
In a flat universe, light travels in straight lines -
And ruler hits the eye with one degree angle.
In an open universe separated light beams ate.
Same ruler then looks to be smaller. The angle is maybe half a degree.
In a closed universe meets light rays.
When the ruler looks bigger.
With a picture of the last scattering surface can measure chunks-
-a-half, one or two degrees, and then determine the universe's geometry.
We have done so. One of the first experiments called Boomerang.
It was a balloon with a mikrovågsradiometer.
It sent up and flew around the earth , which is easy in Antarctica.
At the South Pole will be just like this.
It was up in a couple of weeks-
and photographed microwave background.
This is false colors, but we see clumps.
They are hot and cold spots that we believe formed in the universe's childhood-
and would later form the galaxies, stars, planets and aliens.
The question is... Oops!
We're trying to go back.
One more time.
How big are the lumps? A, a half or two degrees?
To measure the we create the universe in a computer.
We are closed, flat and open universe -
-scale clumps randomly and measure them.
This is the same picture with different colors.
In a closed universe blob is about this big-
-therefore greater than these.
In an open universe clumps of this size, that is smaller than these.
But as Goldilocks is just right - with a flat universe.
We know with precision of one percent that the universe is flat.
If you are theorists that I, patting oneself on the back.
We knew that the universe was flat, but there is a problem.
I told you that the universe is open.
We have only 30 percent of the mass required for a flat universe.
70 percent of the energy is given.
If it is not there, the galaxies are, must be where they are.
What's that galaxies do not exist? Nothing.
If nothing weighs something, everything is okay.
But it's Giddy. Nothing weighs nothing.
Well, the universe is Giddy. Or can be.
One thing I tried to explain for Muslims in London
and to some philosophers-
-is that the classical notions of what makes sense, is irrelevant.
The universe does not exist for our high pleasure, so it may be strange.
By combining quantum mechanics and relativity -
- Richard Feynman showed that the void is not so empty.
It is a soup of virtual particles that arise and disappear-
-faster than you can measure them.
There are no real particles, one sees nothing.
They appear and disappear so quickly that you do not see it.
It sounds like philosophy or theology.
It's like counting the number of angels on a needle tip.
But it is not imaginary.
You can not see the particles, but well their effects.
This animation shows how a proton looks inside.
It was first shown at Nobel Prize 2004 -
-by those who developed the theory that allowed calculation.
This is what a proton inside. If you went to a good school, you know,
-that protons consist of three quarks.
Have you heard of them? We lied.
The three quarks mass is only 10 percent of the entire mass of the proton.
90 percent of the proton mass consists of virtual particles and field
-Arising and disappearing so quickly that they are not visible.
We can calculate the effect. They received the Nobel Prize for it.
So we know that virtual particles appear and disappear all the time.
If they bring energy to the proton we can compute-
-how much energy virtual particles brings in a vacuum.
We have done this, and it is the worst account in the whole of physics.
Void energy is in principle infinitely greater-
-than the energy of all known matter.
But then we would not exist.
Energy should be 120 orders of magnitude greater than anything we see-
and it can not be.
Energy can not be much larger than energy of everything we see.
The problem has existed since I was a graduate student.
We counted wrong 120 size schemes. Physics worst calculation.
But we know the answer, because we are theorists. Or knew.
It must be zero. It's a nice figure.
If there will be zero must eliminate 120 decimal-
and get a 121: a decimal.
No one knows how to do it, but zero is easy to accomplish.
Mathematical symmetries do that numbers can cancel each other out.
When I was a student we knew that the answer was zero.
There is a symmetry where all terms cancel out.
Answer must be zero. It made sense.
But cosmology is a science.
It is not something that makes sense. You have to measure it.
How to measure the energy of empty space?
If one adds energy into the void, Einstein teaches us-
-is the repulsive energy, is not attractive.
It blows away, it sucks not recorded. So if I add energy in vacuum-
-declines to expansion of the universe, it accelerates.
If I measure the expansion rate and adds energy in empty space
-increasing rate of expansion is accelerating.
1998, the two groups by astronomers with a clue...
No, wait a minute.
Astronomy is full of error.
This is Hubble's data from 1929.
They show galaxies rate as a function of their distance.
Here's a great scientist.
He drew a straight line through their data. It's not a matter of course.
Hubble measured the rate of expansion-
and counting errors on an order of magnitude.
It is important. Astronomers have tried emulate him since.
It was important that he counted wrong, because it was a mystery.
He believed that the universe is expanding ten times faster than it actually does.
But in that case, the age of the universe only 1.5 billion years.
It was embarrassing, because back in 1929 we knew that the earth was older than that.
It's embarrassing if the earth is older than the universe.
He was not a bad astronomer, but this is difficult to measure.
Speed is easy to measure, but not distance.
We have not so long rulers.
How do you measure such great distances? With the help of physics.
I can measure the distance to the lamp in the projector if I screw the lens.
Many people here are old enough to remember cameras with light meters.
If I know the lamp in projector is at 100 W
-remove lens and light meter shows 1 W
-I can figure out how far from the projector I am.
It works if the universe is full of 100 W lamps, but it is not.
We must have a counterpart, a so-called standard candles.
An object whose brightness we feel able to state.
In a telescope, we see how bright it is, and then we can calculate the distance.
After eighty years, we have finally found a standard light.
Two groups astronomer found it. This is it.
This is a galaxy far away long ago.
Not so far away, by the way, only 70 million light years.
Here is a star that shines as strong as the galaxy's center
, which has 10 billion stars. How is it?
It could be a star in our own galaxy, but it is not.
There is a star on the edge of the galaxy shining as 10 billion stars.
Why? It has just exploded. It's a supernova.
When stars explode they shine in a month-
-as strong as 10 billion stars. This is one of those.
Luckily exploding stars not so often.
But luckily they explode. You would not be here otherwise.
Every atom in your body comes from an exploding star.
Atoms in the left and right hand will probably from different stars.
You are literally space dust. Every atom in your body has experienced-
-the most violent explosion available. You are the stars' children.
Why? The only substances created during the Big ***
-were hydrogen, helium and lithium.
But all the important topics - lithium is for certain-
-like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and iron formed just inside the stars.
They can only form your bodies about the stars explode.
It is the most poetic I know the universe.
I wrote a book about it, because it is so fascinating.
It was a small digression.
But stars do not explode often-
-only once every hundred years in a galaxy.
How do you measure them? They let their guard doctoral respective galaxy.
A thesis takes about a hundred years.
Student dies, but they are cheap.
But we need not do so. Remember that the universe is huge and old.
This means that rare events happens all the time.
If you look at a clear night sky outside Stockholm-
and holding a... Which coin was it now?
It was enough...
... A dime. Something small coin.
Hold it against a dark patch of sky...
... Without stars.
In our largest telescopes, the Chile-
-one would see 100,000 galaxies.
Every night you should see few stars that explode.
Astronomers book telescope to see stars explode.
They may see one or two, or none.
As you study supernovae. This film shows an exploding star.
This is a type 1a supernova. The colors show it.
For several reasons, it is a fantastic standard candles.
We think we know how bright these supernovae really are.
Since the light is too strong seen across the universe.
They can be seen at several billion light years elsewhere.
We can measure galaxies speed and distance -
And universe expansion. It was these astronomers.
First drew on the Hubble curve, and it was much better.
In a double logarithmic diagram becoming a straight line.
With the new data could universe's expansion rate is calculated-
-of 10 percent when. We know the universe expansion.
But returning Hubble curve down or not? Decreases the rate of expansion?
1998 decided two research to measure it.
Here we see the result, like Science had on its cover.
They measured a supernova to see if the curve turned downward.
To help the eye I draw a straight line through the chart.
They expected-
-That supernovae could end up here when the expansion came to a halt.
Amazingly enough, ended up not supernovae where-
-but above the straight line. How is it?
It can be due to incorrect data, which is most common-
or so does universe's expansion rate.
If you then ask how much energy would be needed in void-
-to information should match, , this is exactly what is missing.
About 70 percent of the energy in a flat universe, in void-
-line everything.
Then you can get the Nobel Prize, which they were given.
All matches in our nippriga universe.
It is quite outstanding.
This brings me to another thing that I want to tell you before I finish.
This means-
-that you are insignificant than you thought before you came here.
70 percent of the energy in the universe in void-
-30 percent in dark matter-
and one percent is all we can see.
Stars and galaxies represents a percent of the universe.
We are just cosmic pollution including dark matter and dark energy.
The universe was not created for us.
This is a remarkable discovery, and I just wanted to remind you.
Much Ado About Nothing, which is almost everything.
Our notion nothing has changed.
The energy in the universe is primarily in void, and we do not know why.
If someone says that they know, so they are lying.
Especially if they are string theorists, those sitting at the back of the hall.
We believe that energy is tied to the room's appearance -
and that will determine our future.
Now I wonder what this may be the consequences-
- for our understanding of the universe origin.
I want to remind you why I became a cosmologist.
How will the universe go under?
We can determine the future for a universe full of matter-
-with standard high school physics, so now it's physics lesson.
How do we know if a coin thrown up falls to the ground?
I throw up the coin, coming down.
If I take in more, it higher up.
Do I take in enough it will not download at all.
We teach students to count the by talking about energy.
Coin has two types of energy, a positive and a negative.
The positive type is the kinetic energy, which is coupled to the coin speed.
The negative type is linked to Earth's gravity.
Since becoming an accounting problem.
If the total energy is greater than zero, disappearing coin.
If the gravitational energy is greatest, the coin falls down.
The same calculation can be done for the entire universe.
Here is the Hubble picture and here is our galaxy.
If the universe is the same everywhere we can figure out the future of the universe-
-by figuring out a galaxy's future.
If a pulled together, everyone does it.
We just need to figure out the total energy of a galaxy.
Kinetic energy depends on the speed, which gives us the rate of expansion.
The negative energy type will of gravity-
-of matter and dark matter.
We add the two values and compare.
If gravity is stronger than the speed-
-pulled galaxies together again, otherwise continues to expand.
If B / A is greater than 1, the universe will collapse.
If B / A is less than 1, expands forever.
But B / A is the same as Omega, universe curvature.
And because the universe is flat, is omega equal to 1.
But omega is equal to 1, , B is equal to A.
Then is the negative and the positive energy is equal-
and then the total gravitational energy in a flat universe is zero.
If you want to create a universe out of nothing, what should the energy be?
It bears thinking about.
Finally, I thought explain how all of this mean-
-that the universe may have been created from nothing but supernatural elements.
I want to be careful here and talk about different kinds of nothing.
Philosophers like it. Not all, in itself. It depends on the philosopher.
The first type anything is just empty space.
There is nothing biblical, a dark eternal void.
A like nothing is unstable.
It is full of virtual particles arising and disappearing.
It is not matter, galaxies or stars.
But gravity changes everything.
Virtual particles disappear because they violate conservation of energy.
They have energy and must disappear before we can measure it.
But virtual particles without amount of energy can exist forever.
With gravity, which allows negative energy
-can create particles that you want.
If you wait long enough,
-start void create particles.
Void is actually unstable.
This is the answer to the question why there are something rather than nothing...
A more interesting question is why nothing rather than something there.
But then we would not be able to issue.
If you wait long enough get something.
Void, nothing, will create something.
It can create 400 billion galaxies with 100 billion stars-
-without violating the laws of physics.
If you do not like this might you ask...
Then maybe you ask:
"Sure, it's void but will void from?"
"The vacuum is not nothing."
Quantum gravity alters things.
Virtual particles shows that void fluctuate due to quantum mechanics.
A quantum theory of gravity - that does not exist, despite the string-
-would have space and time as variables.
Then you get not only particles fluctuating in the room-
-but also place arising and disappearing.
Space and time can be created where no time and space available.
It happens all the time at the microscopic level.
Micro Universe arises and disappears all the time, but very quickly.
The only universe that live as long that we can sit here and talk-
-is the universe where the total energy is zero . They can exist forever.
Quantum mechanics shows that a universe created out of nothing-
-can exist very long of the total energy is zero.
It sounds good, for in our flat universe-
-is the total gravitational energy zero. But it is not that simple.
I counted no with other types of energy.
The only universe we know which has zero energy is not flat-
-without end.
Okay. But most closed-universe
-expands and contracts very quickly.
Those who live as long that we can be, do not do that.
How to avoid it? If one adds energy gap in a closed universe-
-at an early stage, the universe expand and become very large.
It turns out, of completely different reasons...
Particle physics theories showed, long before the issue became relevant-
-that the universe's early history-
-Was void energetic.
The expanded enormously and quickly. The inflationary theory.
Given particle physics laws we can expect-
-that when the universe was only fraction of a second old-
-they made huge amounts of energy to the room expanded -
-by 90 orders of magnitude on a fraction of a second.
It sounds like science fiction, but the theory makes some predictions.
One of those was how fluctuations who created the galaxies would look like-
and they look as the image of the microwave background.
We thought that theory was correct.
We have become even safer for our cause with bearing the expression means.
I'm from Canada. Beer is very important.
Some may have experienced this. Do not you young people, I hope.
Say you have a party and is home beer.
You forget to put it in the fridge and put it in the freezer instead.
If you are like me you forget it.
After the party you'll find beer, open the bottle and go to pieces.
Why? During high pressure was the beer flowing.
When I open the pressure decreases, the beer cold and energy escapes.
When the bottle bursting.
The same should have happened to in the early universe.
As the universe cooled, it got stuck in a metastable state.
A field in the universe stuck.
Universe expansion rate increased long-
-until the energy created a hot big ***.
It sounds amazing, but the fine with the discovery of the Higgs particle-
-that will give a Nobel Prize, this year or next year...
Higgs particle is-
, there may be fields in the void jams. Higgs field is like that.
Everything falls clearly in place using the Large Hadron Collider.
This shows that inflation-
-get universe to look flat.
The only closed universe that does not collapse immediately-
-is one that expands because of inflation.
But just like when you blow up a large balloon -
-looking surface flat. As in Kansas.
A large universe looks flat.
A closed universe that exists until we are there, look flat.
Just as we seem to live in.
To create a universe out of nothing...
I'm talking about a nothing but particles, radiation, space and time.
Nothing.
How would the universe look like? As we live in.
Does that prove that the universe was created from nothing ? No, but it will be reasonable.
Richard Dawkins comparing my book the "Origin of Species".
That was nice, but exaggerated.
But there is a parallel.
Before Darwin was all a miracle. Every life form created for themselves.
Darwin showed that it was reasonable, given his observations in biology-
-that the diversity of life had arisen through natural selection.
He knew nothing about DNA or genetics, but it was reasonable.
Exactly where stands cosmology today.
We can show that the universe can be created out of nothing without God's intervention.
It does not break the laws of physics.
The stubborn might say: "It is not nothing."
"Neither particles, radiation, place or time. But where did the laws come from?"
Although they can occur in our universe. I'll end with that.
We think it is because of this picture. After that you do not need to think more.
It shows a brief history of time.
Curve shows the density of the universe, that goes down when it expands-
, while the energy density of empty space remains constant.
We live here, where the energy of the void is three times larger than the matter.
But if you stare at the curve, you become crazy.
There's something strange about it. We live in the only moment-
-when the values are equal.
Previously, the energy of the matter was greater than the energy of the vacuum-
and later the energy of the void be greater than the energy of matter.
We live in a special time. But you can not, according to Copernicus.
13.7 billion years is no special amount of time, so why is it here?
Physicists have an answer. Galaxies exist. Why?
Say that the amount of energy in the void was 50 times greater.
Then curves intersect here.
When was that? That's when galaxies began to form.
But if the void energy is greater than matter, there are no galaxies.
Energy void 're gravitationally repulsive.
If galaxies are not formed, we were not.
It has given physicists a crazy idea which I call "the anthropic craze".
If there are many universes, and void energy varies-
-forming galaxies only in them where the energy is in ours.
That alone gives rise to stars, planets and astronomers.
The universe looks the way it does to astronomers measure it.
It sounds almost religiously, but it is a kind of cosmic natural selection.
You can not live in a universe that you can not live in.
It would be something to write about.
Great.
Five minutes.
They do this character.
It sounds depressing. Void energy may be a pure coincidence.
No theory explains why. There may be a coincidence.
Physics are ahead cosmologists-
-for there is a speech we do not understand.
In particle physics there are much more that we do not understand.
Why is gravity the weakest force of nature-
and why forming elementary particles three families?
We have tried to understand the since I was a student.
Physics are saying we might do not need to understand anything at all.
Anything can be a coincidence.
If the values were different, , we would not exist.
Then we do not need a theory of everything, just a theory of anything.
We have one of those, it is called string theory.
This is string theory's history the last forty years.
"Imagine if all the matter and energy are tiny, vibrating strings."
"What does that mean?" "I do not know."
Is string theory's history.
It was a theory of everything, but it requires extra dimensions.
This we solve by rolling them together and get six or seven extra dimensions.
They are so small they are not visible, but any way to roll them together-
-create a universe with other physical laws. It's not good.
But string theorists see the beautiful in everything, so they call it landscape.
There may be 10 to the 500 universe.
One of them looks certainly like ours, all have different physical laws.
Is it science? If you can predict all the universe-
-can theory is not falsified. But it may be true.
In this case, the physical laws we measure just a coincidence.
They did not exist before our universe.
Then we have neither the laws of physics, space, time, particles or radiation.
For me it's nothing.
I was going to honor my deceased friend Christopher Hitchens.
He pointed out something else about nothing.
"Nothing is on a collision course with us."
It is as I said to him: our future is miserable.
I think... Let's see now.
The first to realize the of course, was George Orwell.
"To see what is right in front requires a constant struggle."
This is what he meant.
If the gap contains energy, increases universe's expansion rate constant.
In the end, moving some items from us faster than the speed of light.
It's happening now, it's allowed.
We said that nothing travels faster than light , but we lied.
Nothing travels through space faster, but room does as it pleases.
Room can take away items faster.
Universe is expanding faster and faster-
and the galaxies will continue to move from us faster than light.
I jump over it.
In the end, the universe disappear.
About two trillion years , all galaxies disappeared.
The universe is cold, dark and empty.
It is really quite poetic.
There will be stars and carbon-based life forms-
-who discovers quantum mechanics and relativity and based telescopes.
What will they see? The universe we thought we live in a hundred years ago.
They will believe that the universe is a galaxy surrounded by an eternal void.
They will not know anything about expansion of the universe or the big ***.
The future will be miserable.
This is the second you will remember.
You are insignificant, and the future is miserable.
This gave Christopher a new answer-
-The question of why there is something rather than nothing .
The answer is simple. It will not do for long.
We imagine that the universe will be the same.
But everything we see will disappear.
To conclude:
A universe created out of nothing is not only plausible, but likely.
Definition of something and nothing has changed completely -
process philosophers and theologians first asked the question.
What we mean by nothing and something is something completely different-
- than Aristotle or Descartes meant.
They knew nothing about quantum mechanics.
Why something is not interesting. Why-questions are uninteresting.
They are not even questions, because they require a purpose.
Anyone who has children knows that the only response to the series of why-questions-
-is to say "why". This is how matters that are of interest.
How did the universe and how do we know? There we are working on.
When you look into the night sky-
and realize that you are insignificant and that the future is miserable-
-you should not be depressed, but be excited.
Here we are, 13.7 billion years after the big ***, in the middle of nowhere-
- with a consciousness that allows us to ask these questions-
and understand the universe history and future.
So moping not, enjoy your short time on stage. Thank you.
Translation: Niclas Bali Weekender www.broadcasttext.com