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Let's talk briefly about ways to integrate information sources into your actual writing.
I'm not talking about the specifics of citation styles here, I'm talking about writing techniques
to smoothly integrate sources into your own writing so that they successfully support
your arguments and ideas and so it doesn't appear as a mishmash of quotes strung together
with some empty sentences in between. Undergraduates are sometimes accused of, not in a totally
negative way, is an overreliance on quotations when writing research papers. Now certainly
putting a block quote or small text quote from source material in your writing is one
effective way of integrating a resource into your paper. There is also a mechanism called
a "signal phrase" that you can use to introduce your reader to a quotation or even when using
other forms of integrating material (that I'll talk more about in a minute); paraphrasing
and summarizing. In this instance we'll be looking at a block quote. In this sentence
"Guareschi and Jovbelovitch (2004) use their experience in the favelas of Brazil to suggest
that change in unequal conditions" - and that part so far is the writier's own words - that
is the signal phrase. That is used to iontroduce our block quote right here. The same could
be used for a smaller quote as well. How this is done is you mention the name of the author,
and often the year as well, in the actual sentence itself rather than at the end of
the sentence. In some instances you can jam all that information in the in-text citation,
which is your stuff at the end of the sentence or paragraph that includes the author, year
and page number, if we're talking about the APA citation style, which is used here. But
if you include it in the actual sentence itself you don't have to include it at the end of
the sentence - you just include the page number where that information came from in the source
material. So that is the signal phrase and the block quote. Let's talk about another
effective way to integrate information into your paper; using what's called a paraphrase.
In this technique you're not going to use a quote, but you will use a specific piece
of information from a specific page or set of pages within a source. You relay that information
to your readers in your own words, your own voice. In this example right here: "Two of
the medications--femfluramine and dexflenfluramine--were withdrawn from the market because of serious
side effects." And then it includes the in-text citation information, the author, year and
page number. Certainly this could be rewritten to to use a signal phrase, such as: "Yanovski
& Yanovski state that two of the medications..." and so forth, and then you just include the
page number at the end. So there are two ways to integrate that into your writing regardless
if you're using a direct quote or a paraphrase - you can use a signal phrase or you can include
all that information in the citation itself. I would advise mixing that up; using some
quotations and paraphrases and mixing those up also using signal phrases for some or most
of them. Sp paraphrasing is putting the source information in your own words and changing
it almost completely so it flows with your own writing, rather than just plopping down
a quotation. There is also the thrid methd, called summarizing. If you want or need to
summarize the complete article or book, or for example, mention it's overall conclusions
or arguments, summarizing is used. This is often used in literature reviews. This consists
of making a brief summary, in your own words, of what the article or book said. In these
cases, you don't include a specific page number because your summary, and again, it has to
be in your own words, just references the entire work. In this example, it says "researchers
have postulated that self-care behaviors are the strongest predictors and indicators for
why individuals seek care, not lack of disease knowledge." Then it lists the authors and
years of the materials being summarized. Again, especially if a single citation, you could
use a signal phrase, such as "Harvey & Lawson (2009) have postulated that self-case..."
etc. etc. So a signal phrase can be used with all these methods. So those are, in very brief
form, three ways to effectively integrate information from other sources into your own
writing. That's it.