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Hello, With the emergence of urban society, scientific knowledge expanded rapidly, influencing
the western world view even more profoundly than before, and leading to the creation of
new products and whole industries. With breakthroughs in industrial technology, researches sought
to explain how things like steam engines worked. The result was a huge growth in scientific
discoveries from 1830s onward. These theoretical discoveries were then used for practical human
benefits.
One perfect example of this was the work of Louis Pasteur and his followers in biology
and medical sciences. Another was the branch of physics known as thermodynamics, which
demonstrated that the physical world was governed by firm unchanging laws.
Dmitiri Mandeleev codified the rules of chemistry in the periodic law and the periodic table.
Applying the insights from new field such as organic chemistry, researchers in large
german chemical companies were able to find away to create synthetic dyes for the world
of fashion. The basic discoveries of michael faraday opened
the way for development of the telegraph, electric motor, electric light, and electric
street car.
All these triumphs in science led to three significant consequences, first everday experience
impressed the importance of science on the popular mind. Second, the philosophical implications
of science formulated in the enlightenment spread to broad sections of the population.
Third the methods of science acquired unrivaled prestige after 1850.
Social scientists, such as marx, tried to apply the objective methods of science to
the study of society. One influential system builder, Auguste Comte, wrote the 6 volume
System of Positive Philosophy. Comte postulated that all intellectual activity progresses
through predictable stages, the theological, the metaphysical and the scientific. Comte
also believed that by applying the scientific method or the positivist method his new discipline
of sociology would soon discover the eternal laws of human relations.
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In the 19th century there was a fascination with evolution and dynamic development. Charles
Lyell discredited the view that earths surface had been formed by short lived cataclysms,
and said instead that the same geological processes that are at work today slowly formed
the earth's surface over an immensely long time. Jean Baptiste Lamarck also asserted
that all forms of life had arisen through a long process of continuous adjustment to
the environment, though this was flawed and not accepted but it did pave the way for Charles
Darwin.
Darwin known as the "newton of biology" concluded that all life had gradually evolved from a
common ancestral origin in an unending struggle for survival. Darwin argued that chance differences
among the members of a species help some survive while others die. Thus the variations that
prove successful are selected naturally and gradually spread to an entire species through
reproduction. Many writers such as Herbert spencer and other social darwinists applied
the theory of biological evolution to human affairs.