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[ MUSIC ]
>> HELLO AND WELCOME TO TALKING POINTS.
I'M DAVE KELLY, DIRECTOR OF ADVANCED MEDIA PRODUCTION,
HERE AT CAL STATE, LONG BEACH.
MY GUEST TODAY ON TALKING POINTS IS DR. BURKHARD ENGLERT.
DR. ENGLERT IS A PROFESSOR AND DEPARTMENT CHAIR
OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE.
HE TEACHES COURSES IN COMPUTER SECURITY
AND NETWORK CENTRIC COMPUTING AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS.
WELCOME BURKHARD AND THANK YOU
FOR JOINING US ON TALKING POINTS.
>> I'M VERY HAPPY TO BE HERE.
>> TODAY WE'RE GOING TO TALK ABOUT A COUPLE OF ITEMS
THAT HAVE BEEN IN THE NEWS A LOT LATELY,
THE FIRST ONE IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AND THE OTHER ONE IS INFORMATION PRIVACY AND COMPUTER SECURITY.
THEY'RE RELATED, MANY PEOPLE MAY NOT REALIZE THAT BUT WE'LL GET
INTO THAT LATER BUT FIRST LET'S FOCUS
ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.
A LOT OF US HAVE HAD EXPOSURE TO THIS
THROUGH SCIENCE FICTION FILMS AND TELEVISION PROGRAMS
AND THE PLOT ALWAYS SEEMS TO BE THE SAME,
THE COMPUTERS GET SMARTER, GET FASTER, DEVELOP;
MORE HUMAN LIKE CHARACTERISTICS, AND EVENTUALLY THE ROBOTS TAKE
OVER AND THERE ARE DIRE CONSEQUENCES
FOR HUMAN KIND AS A RESULT.
BUT THAT'S SCIENCE FICTION AND WE'RE NOT THERE YET
AND WE'RE NOT EVEN REALLY HEADING IN THAT DIRECTION
AT THIS POINT AND TIME.
SO LET'S START WITH THE BASICS.
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND WHERE IS IT GOING?
>> WELL, BASICALLY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IS A WAY
FOR A MACHINE TO BE ABLE TO PROCESS A LOT OF INFORMATION
IN A VERY, VERY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME.
SO ESSENTIALLY, WHEN WE'RE TALKING
ABOUT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WE DON'T REALLY TALK
ABOUT ANYTHING ELSE THAT COMPUTERS CAN DO,
WE'RE JUST TALKING ABOUT A DIFFERENT WAY
IN WHICH THEY DO THESE THINGS.
SO IN OTHER WORDS, WE'RE GIVING THEM A SET OF INSTRUCTIONS
AND WE ARE TELLING THEM, YOU KNOW YOU START HERE,
YOU TAKE THIS DATA, AND GIVEN THIS DATA,
YOU LOOK FOR A SOLUTION TO A GIVEN PROBLEM.
AND WE'RE CALLING IT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
BECAUSE IN MANY CASES WHAT WE ASKED THE MACHINE TO DO IS
TO BASICALLY FIND AN OPTIMAL WAY
TO GET AN ANSWER TO A GIVEN PROBLEM.
>> SO REALLY, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IS ALL
ABOUT SOLVING A PROBLEM
OR ESSENTIALLY SOLVING A MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM.
>> YEAH, IT'S NOT NECESSARILY ONLY A MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM;
IT'S ANY PROBLEM THAT CAN BE ESSENTIALLY TRANSLATED,
TRANSFERRED INTO MATHEMATICAL TERMS.
THAT'S THE PROBLEM THAT WE CAN ADDRESS IN THIS MANNER.
>> AND SO THE WAY WE GET TO THAT MATHEMATICAL PROCESS IS
BY USING ALGORITHMS.
>> YES, WE USE ALGORITHMS
AND ALGORITHMS ARE BASICALLY JUST STEP BY STEP INSTRUCTIONS
THAT WE GIVE TO THE MACHINE THAT TELLS THE MACHINE OKAY,
FIRST YOU DO THIS, THEN YOU DO THAT, THEN YOU DO THAT,
SO WE CAN THINK OF IT ALMOST LIKE A COOKBOOK,
A COOKING RECIPE WHERE YOU BASICALLY
OR EVEN BETTER A BAKING RECIPE WHERE YOU HAVE
TO MAKE SURE YOU TAKE EXACTLY THE RIGHT INGREDIENTS,
YOU LOOK AT THE DATA, YOU LOOK AT THE MEASUREMENTS
THAT YOU HAVE AND BASED ON THESE MEASUREMENTS YOU DETERMINE WHAT
SHOULD BE YOUR NEXT STEP.
>> AND JUST TO SIMPLIFY THIS EVEN FURTHER,
WE KNOW THAT COMPUTERS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IS BASED
ON WHAT'S CALLED A BINARY SYSTEM.
EXPLAIN WHAT THE BINARY SYSTEM IS.
>> THE BINARY SYSTEM BASICALLY JUST BOILS EVERYTHING
DOWN TO ONLY TWO OPTIONS EITHER LEFT OR RIGHT, BLACK OR WHITE,
ZERO OR ONE AND WHEN YOU LOOK AT IT,
YOU CAN ESSENTIALLY BREAK EVERYTHING
DOWN INTO THESE TWO OPTIONS.
SO LET'S SAY YOU HAVE A PROBLEM WHERE THERE ARE MANY,
MANY DIFFERENT OUTCOMES AND WITH THE BINARY SYSTEM YOU'RE GOING
TO BE ABLE TO TAKE THAT,
WHAT LOOKS LIKE A VERY COMPLEX PROBLEM, AND BREAK IT
DOWN INTO A SEQUENCE OF STEPS
WHERE AT EACH INDIVIDUAL STEP YOU ONLY REALLY HAVE TWO
OPTIONS, EITHER YOU GO LEFT OR YOU GO RIGHT,
OR EITHER YOU DO ONE THING OR DO THE OTHER THING AND THEN
WHEN YOU COMBINE ALL THESE OPTIONS AND PUT THEM
INTO A SEQUENCE YOU END UP WITH SOMETHING THAT SIMULATES,
THAT EXPRESSES EXACTLY THE SAME THING
AS THIS VERY COMPLEX PROBLEM THAT YOU STARTED
WITH THAT HAD LOTS, AND LOTS OF OPTIONS.
>> AND WE KNOW THAT COMPUTERS AND EVERYTHING RELATED
TO INFORMATION PROCESSING IN THIS MANNER ARE
SO CALLED DIGITAL AND DIGITAL IS ONE WAY
OF PROCESSING THE INFORMATION
BUT IN REAL LIFE HUMANS ARE MORE WHAT WE REFER TO AS ANALOG
IN THE WAY THAT WE ACT, RE-ACT, AND MAKE DECISIONS.
>> RIGHT.
>> AND SO COULD YOU TELL US A LITTLE BIT
ABOUT WHAT THE DIFFERENCE IS BETWEEN ANALOG
AND DIGITAL IN THAT REGARD.
>> I MEAN DIGITAL BASICALLY COMPLETELY RELIES
ON THE BINARY SYSTEM.
SO THAT MEANS THAT WE REALLY ONLY HAVE THESE TWO OPTIONS,
WE HAVE THE OPTION OF EITHER GOING LEFT OR GOING RIGHT,
OR EITHER SAYING IT'S BLACK OR IT'S WHITE,
WE HAVE NO OTHER OPTIONS SO WE DON'T HAVE THIS INTERMEDIATE,
YOU KNOW GREY ZONE THAT WE AS HUMANS ARE SO FAMILIAR
WITH WHERE WE SAY, HUM, MAYBE I SHOULD DO THIS,
MAYBE I SHOULD DO THAT, OR MAYBE I DO SOMETHING COMPLETELY
DIFFERENT AND WE CAN MAKE THESE DECISIONS ON THE FLY
BUT IF WE'RE RELYING ON THIS TYPE OF BINARY, DIGITAL SYSTEM,
THEN WE REALLY ONLY HAVE, WE ARE REALLY ONLY ABLE
TO BOIL EVERYTHING DOWN TO THESE TWO OPTIONS.
>> AND WHEN WE TALK ABOUT ANALOG, THAT GIVES A VARIETY
OF POSSIBILITIES, NOT JUST THE BINARY ONES AND ZEROS.
>> RIGHT EXACTLY, IT GIVES US THE ABILITY
TO EXPRESS MIXED EMOTIONS IF YOU WANT TO THINK OF IT
THAT WAY INSTEAD OF JUST ONLY BEING ABLE
TO EXPRESS SOMEONE WHO'S VERY EXCITED
OR SOMEONE WHO'S VERY SAD.
>> AND MAYBE THAT'S SOMETHING THAT WE SHOULD TALK ABOUT,
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AND THE WAY HUMANS THINK AND REACT AND MAKE DECISIONS
BECAUSE AGAIN IN SCIENCE FICTION THE FEAR IS
THAT THESE COMPUTERS WILL BECOME SO LIKE HUMANS
THAT THEY WILL REPLACE HUMANS OR OVERTAKE HUMAN KIND AND SO ON,
BUT THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN THE WAY A COMPUTER OPERATES
AND THE WAY A HUMAN OPERATES IN TERMS OF THE WAY WE REACT
TO A STIMULUS OR SOME EVENT OR ACTIVITY; WE,
AS YOU SAID A MOMENT AGO, WE USE EMOTIONAL INPUT,
WE HAVE THINGS KNOWN AS INTUITIVE THOUGHTS,
WE HAVE GUT REACTIONS AND WE ALSO HAVE CREATIVITY
WHICH IS SOMETHING THAT COMPUTERS ACTUALLY LACK,
COMPUTERS CAN ONLY OPERATE BASED ON THE PROGRAMMED SET
OF INSTRUCTIONS THAT ARE GIVEN TO THEM.
>> THAT'S A VERY IMPORTANT POINT,
I MEAN AND THAT'S SOMETHING TO REALLY KEEP IN MIND
THAT IF PEOPLE ARE AFRAID OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
TO REALIZE THAT THE COMPUTER CAN REALLY ONLY DO WHAT WE TELL IT
TO DO.
SO IT FOLLOWS THE INSTRUCTIONS, SOMETIMES, YOU KNOW BASED
ON THE INSTRUCTIONS WE GIVE IT, WE GIVE IT A LOT OF AUTONOMY
AND THEN YOU KNOW SOMETIMES IF, YOU KNOW WE ASKED THE MACHINE
TO DO THINGS THAT ARE VERY COMPLEX, VERY COMPLICATED
LIKE FOR EXAMPLE, FLYING AN AIRPLANE THEN
IF SOMETHING UNFORESEEN HAPPENS AND THE MACHINE DECIDES OH,
I DON'T KNOW WHAT TO DO ANYMORE, I HAVE TO THROW THIS BACK
AT THE HUMAN, THEN THAT CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS
BECAUSE WE ARE SUDDENLY NOT PREPARE ANYMORE
FOR WHAT WE NOW ARE SUPPOSED TO DO IN THIS PARTICULAR SITUATION.
BUT IN ESSENCE THESE MACHINES ARE REALLY ONLY HELPING US
TO DO OUR JOB AND TO HELP US TO DO IT MUCH FASTER
AND MUCH MORE EFFICIENTLY
AND THESE ALGORITHMS TEACH THEM HOW TO DO THAT.
>> AND MAYBE THAT'S THE MOST IMPORTANT POINT FOR PEOPLE
TO REMEMBER IS THAT COMPUTERS JUST DO THINGS FASTER
THAN HUMANS DO.
THEY'RE NOT NECESSARILY SUPERIOR TO HUMANS,
JUST THAT THEY CAN PROCESS THINGS FASTER.
>> RIGHT.
>> BECAUSE WE HAVE THE ABILITY WITH CREATIVELY TO THINK OUTSIDE
OF THE BOX, WE HAVE THE ABILITY
TO CREATE WHAT'S CALL A PARADIGM SHIFT
WHERE WE THINK COMPLETELY DIFFERENTLY
FROM WHAT WE DID YESTERDAY OR A YEAR AGO.
WHEREAS COMPUTERS HAVE TO BE PROGRAMMED TO HAVE THAT KIND
OF FLEXIBILITY, THEY DON'T JUST AUTOMATICALLY GENERATE
THAT KIND OF FLEXIBILITY.
AND SO ALONG WITH THAT IT REMINDS ME OF AN INCIDENT
IN HIGH SCHOOL WHERE I WAS IN MY HIGH SCHOOL CHEMISTRY CLASS
AND I WAS USING MY CALCULATOR TO CALCULATE MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS.
AND I REMEMBER ONE DAY THINKING, YOU KNOW THIS COMPUTER,
WHICH I'M HOLDING IN MY HAND, IS NOT SMARTER
THAN ME IT'S JUST FASTER THAN I AM AND NO ONE WOULD EVER SAY,
WELL THAT CALCULATOR IS SMARTER OR SUPERIOR
TO YOU IT WOULD JUST SAY IT'S ABLE TO DO MATH PROBLEMS FASTER.
AND SO TO GIVE OUR AUDIENCE HOPE,
I GUESS IN THE FUTURE IT'S REALLY
ABOUT USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
OR COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY TO HELP HUMANS AS OPPOSE
TO REPLACE THEM, COULD YOU SAY A FEW WORDS ABOUT THAT.
>> YEAH, I THINK THAT'S REALLY WHERE THE FOCUS IS RIGHT NOW,
I MEAN IN RESPECT TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AND THAT'S WHY IT HAS TAKEN OFF SO MUCH OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS
BECAUSE IT HAS ALL THESE GREAT APPLICATIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE.
I MEAN, I MENTIONED ONE BEFORE, AN AUTO PILOT
FOR AN AIRPLANE OR, YOU KNOW A CAR THAT CAN NOW PARK ITSELF,
OR A CAR THAT CAN NOW WHERE THE CRUISE CONTROL CAN BASICALLY
RECEIVE INFORMATION FROM THE CAR IN FRONT OF IT
AND CAN DETERMINE THE SPEED AND CAN THEN SLOW THE CAR
DOWN IN CASE THE CAR IN FRONT OF IT STARTS ALSO SLOWING DOWN.
THINGS LIKE THAT, THESE ARE ALL THINGS THAT ARE DESIGNED
TO MAKE OUR LIFE MUCH EASIER
BUT AT THE SAME TIME THESE ARE NOT INTELLIGENT MACHINES
IN THE SENSE THAT WE ARE INTELLIGENT MACHINES
BECAUSE A CAR THAT CAN PARK ITSELF CANNOT EXPRESS ANY KIND
OF EMOTION, IT'S NOT PROGRAM TO DO THAT
AND WE DON'T REALLY HAVE ANY GOOD PROGRAMS OR ALGORITHMS
THAT CAN SIMULATE HUMAN EMOTIONS SO THAT IF WE WOULD TALK
TO THAT MACHINE WE WOULD FEEL AS IF WE WERE TALKING
TO A REAL HUMAN BEING.
BUT WE HAVE VERY EFFICIENT ALGORITHMS THAT ALLOW THE CAR
TO PARK ITSELF BECAUSE THERE ARE SENSORS IN THE CAR,
THE CAR SEES THE DISTANCE,
I MEAN IT DOESN'T SEE THE DISTANCE,
BUT IT CAN MEASURE THE DISTANCE TO THE CURB,
IT CAN MEASURE THE DISTANCE TO CARS AROUND AND THEN IT RUNS
FROM SOME, YOU KNOW SEQUENCE OF STEPS THAT ALLOW IT TO SAY,
OKAY TURN THE STEERING WHEEL BY THIS MANY DEGREES
AND THEN DRIVE BACK THIS MANY FEET AND SO ON AND SO FORTH
AND EVENTUALLY IT WILL HAVE PARKED ITSELF.
BUT IT'S REALLY ONLY AGAIN JUST A SEQUENCE OF STEPS,
IT'S NOT SOMETHING WHERE THE CAR NOW SUDDENLY IS ABLE
TO DO ANYTHING REALLY ON ITS OWN.
IT ONLY BECOMES DANGEROUS OR OF CONCERN IF SAY
FOR EXAMPLE THIS CAR, YOU KNOW DOES SOMETHING
THAT WE DIDN'T ANTICIPATE
BECAUSE IT GETS LET'S SAY FAULTY INFORMATION OR GETS INFORMATION
THAT IT DOESN'T KNOW HOW TO PROCESS BECAUSE THE PROGRAM,
YOU KNOW HAS HAD A FLAW IN IT SO THAT
WITH THIS DATA IT WOULD DO SOMETHING
THAT WE DIDN'T REALLY ANTICIPATE.
YOU MAY WANT TO THINK BACK A FEW YEARS AGO WHEN WE HAD THE ISSUE
WITH THESE CARS THAT WERE SUDDENLY, YOU KNOW SPEEDING
UP FOR NO REASON OR WERE ALLEGED TO HAVE SPED UP FOR NO REASON
AND WHO KNOWS, MAYBE THERE WAS SOME FLAW LIKE THAT,
THAT WAS UNDERLYING THIS TYPE OF BEHAVIOR.
>> RIGHT AND WITH ALL OF THESE SO CALLED SMART TECHNOLOGY
THAT WE HAVE IN AUTOMOBILES TODAY, THE BOTTOM LINE IS
WHEN WE BUY A CAR WE'RE STILL LOOKING
FOR BASICALLY EFFICIENCY, FUEL EFFICIENCY, WE'RE LOOKING
FOR COMFORT, WHAT ARE THE COMFORT FEATURES IN THE CAR,
RADIO, STEREO, CD PLAYER, LEATHER SEATS AND TECHNOLOGY
THAT HELPS US NAVIGATE AND SO ON AND WE ARE LOOKING
FOR SAFETY FACTORS THAT MAY ENHANCE THE EXPERIENCE
OF GETTING FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER
WITHOUT EXPERIENCING A WRECK, FOR EXAMPLE AND YOU'VE TALKED
ABOUT SOME OF THOSE ALREADY.
AND WE'VE ALSO UTILIZED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
IN AIRCRAFT, YOU'VE TOUCHED ON THAT
BUT IT'S ACTUALLY BEEN HELPFUL,
WE'VE HAD A FEW INSTANCES WERE PILOTS HAVE FALLEN ASLEEP
IN THE COCKPIT AND BECAUSE THE AIRCRAFT WAS FLYING
ON AUTO PILOT WE'VE AVERTED A DISASTER AS A RESULT.
>> AND ALSO, YOU KNOW THE AIRPLANES TODAY, THEY ARE FLYING
AT VERY HIGH ALTITUDES AND THAT MEANS
THAT IT REQUIRES A LOT COORDINATION BY THE PILOT
BECAUSE THE AIRPLANE, YOU KNOW IS FLYING SO HIGH
THAT IF IT FLIES A LITTLE BIT SLOWER, THAN ITS SUPPOSE
TO IT CAN LEAD TO A STALL,
IN OTHER WORDS THE AIRPLANE WOULD CRASH.
AND THE COMPUTERS ARE MUCH BETTER ABLE TO TAKE
IN ALL THE INFORMATION
THAT BASICALLY SURROUNDS THE AIRPLANE, LIKE AIR SPEED,
LIKE DIRECTION AND SO ON AND SO FORTH AND MAKE THE RIGHT
AND VERY, VERY INSTANTANEOUS DECISIONS IN TERMS OF,
YOU KNOW WHAT...HOW FAR THE NOSE SHOULD BE UP,
HOW FAR SHOULD THE NOSE SHOULD BE DOWN, AND SO ON AND SO FORTH
THAN A HUMAN BEING AND SO THEY REALLY HELP US TO FLY
AT THESE ALTITUDES AND TO SAVE FUEL.
>> AND WE'RE GOING TO HAVE TO TAKE A BREAK RIGHT NOW,
SO WE'LL CONTINUE THIS CONVERSATION
IN THE SECOND SEGMENT AND WE'LL TALK MORE ABOUT THE DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN HUMANS AND COMPUTERS AND WE'LL GET
INTO INFORMATION PRIVACY.
AND STAY WITH US, WE'LL BE BACK IN A MOMENT
AND WE'LL CONTINUE OUR CONVERSATION ON TALKING POINTS.
>> YOU ALWAYS MADE SURE I BRUSHED MY TEETH.
>> YOU TOLD ME THAT SMART, WAS COOL.
>> YOU ALWAYS TOLD ME TO DREAM BIG.
>> TO ALL OF THOSE PARENTS WHO TOOK THE TIME
TO MAKE RAISING THEIR CHILDREN THEIR MOST IMPORTANT JOB,
WE'D LIKE TO SAY...
>> THANK YOU.
>> THANK YOU.
>> FROM THE BOTTOM OF MY HEART, THANKS MOM AND DAD.
>> THIS MESSAGE IS BROUGHT TO YOU BY THE U.S. AIR FORCE.
>> WE HAVE A JOB TO DO OUT HERE TODAY.
TO BE A WINNING TEAM YOU HAVE TO WORK LIKE A WINNING TEAM.
>> MY TEAM DEPENDS ON ME.
>> AND MY TEAM IS 50 THOUSAND STRONG.
>> LOOKS LIKE A LOT WORK IS GOING INTO THIS.
THIS IS WHAT IT FEELS LIKE TO BE PART OF A TEAM, A WINNING TEAM.
>> THE ACTION TEAM [INAUDIBLE].
>> GET IN ON THE ACTION AT ACTION TEAM DOT ORG, ARE YOU IN?
>> WELCOME BACK TO TALKING POINTS, I'M DAVE KELLY,
MY GUEST TODAY IS DR. BURKHARD ENGLERT; HE IS A PROFESSOR
AND A DEPARTMENT CHAIR
OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE.
BURKHARD, WE WERE TALKING ABOUT THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HUMANS
AND COMPUTERS AND THIS WHOLE AREA OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE,
LET'S TALK A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT WHAT MAKES US HUMAN,
WE TALKED A LOT ABOUT WHAT MAKES THE COMPUTER A COMPUTER,
BUT WHAT MAKES US HUMAN?
WE HAVE CREATIVITY.
>> RIGHT.
>> WE HAVE THE ABILITY TO COME UP WITH RANDOM THOUGHTS
AND PUT THEM TOGETHER IN WAYS
THAT HAVE NEVER BEEN THOUGHT OF BEFORE.
WE HAVE, AGAIN INTUITIVE ABILITIES
TO MAKE INTUITIVE JUDGMENTS AND TO HAVE GUT FEELINGS
AS WE MENTIONED EARLIER.
AND WE ALSO HAVE THE ABILITY TO EXPERIENCE VERY STRONG EMOTIONS,
PASSIONS, LOVE, EXUBERANCE, JOYFULNESS AND ALSO THE SENSE
OF ACCOMPLISHMENT THAT COMES ALONG WITH DOING SOMETHING,
PRIDE, PRIDE IN YOUR CHILDREN OR PRIDE
IN YOUR ACCOMPLISHMENT, ETCETERA.
AND WE ALSO HAVE OF COURSE THE OTHER SIDE
OF THAT DOUBLE EDGE SWORD WHICH IS ANGER AND HATRED
AND JEALOUSLY AND GREED AND SO FORTH.
SO WE, YOU KNOW WE'RE A MIXED BAG
OF ALL THESE DIFFERENT POSSIBILITIES WHEREAS COMPUTERS
DON'T HAVE ANY OF THAT CAPACITY.
>> WELL, WE WOULD HAVE TO TEACH THEM THAT AND WE WOULD HAVE
TO FIND A WAY TO DEVELOP...AGAIN A SET OF STEPS,
SEQUENCE OF STEPS THAT WOULD BASICALLY LEAD THEM
TO THIS OUTCOME, LEAD THEM TO EXPRESS THESE TYPES OF EMOTIONS
BUT WE REALLY HAVEN'T FOUND ANY KIND OF EFFECTIVE WAY TO DO
THAT SO FAR, WE...THEY ARE VERY GOOD AT, LIKE I SAID,
PARKING THEM...PARKING A CAR THAT PARKS ITSELF
OR A REFRIGERATOR THAT TURNS ITSELF ON
AND OFF AND THINGS LIKE THAT.
BUT, YOU KNOW IF THEY HAVE TO EXPRESS EMOTION TO US
OR IF THEY HAVE TO BE CREATIVE, THEY CAN'T REALLY DO THAT,
WE ARE STILL THEIR MASTERS,
WE ARE TELLING THEM ESSENTIALLY WHAT TO DO.
WE GIVE THEM THE ABILITY THEN TO FIND VERY QUICKLY A SOLUTION
TO A PROBLEM BUT IN THE END THEY'RE STILL FOLLOWING
OUR PROCEDURE.
>> AND IT'S INTERESTING BECAUSE WE'VE CREATED COMPUTERS,
LIKE DEEP BLUE AT IBM THAT CAN NOW BEAT THE BEST CHESS PLAYER
IN THE WORLD.
AND WE ALSO HAVE A COMPUTER CALLED WATSON
WHICH CAN BEAT THE BEST TWO JEOPARDY PLAYERS IN THE WORLD
AT THE GAME OF JEOPARDY.
BUT THE THING IS THOSE COMPUTERS DON'T FEEL ACCOMPLISHMENT
OR DON'T HAVE PRIDE AT THEIR ACCOMPLISHMENT,
THEY JUST DO WHAT THEY ARE TOLD TO DO.
>> EXACTLY, AND THEY ARE VERY GOOD AT IT
BECAUSE THEY CAN PROCESS INFORMATION SO FAST
SO THAT THEY CAN SEARCH LARGE, VERY HUGE DATA BASES
OF INFORMATION AND WHEN THEY'RE GIVEN A PROBLEM
AND THEY'RE GIVEN A QUESTION THEY CAN VERY,
VERY QUICKLY FIND THE ANSWER.
BUT THEY DON'T FIND THE ANSWER
BECAUSE THEY UNDERSTAND WHAT WE ARE ASKING THEM,
THEY FIND THE ANSWER BECAUSE WE GAVE THEM THE TOOLS TO LOOK
FOR THE SOLUTION WITHIN THE COLLECTION
OF INFORMATION THEY HAVE AVAILABLE
AND TO DETERMINE WHAT SHOULD BE THE RIGHT ANSWER.
>> AND AGAIN, THERE'S NO EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT
TO ANY PARTICULAR ANSWER OR ANY PARTICULAR DIRECTION
THAT A COMPUTER MAY CHOOSE.
>> NO, WE COULD JUST...WE COULD IF WE WANTED
TO PROGRAM THE COMPUTER TO EXPRESS SOMETHING TO US
THAT WOULD LOOK TO US LIKE PRIDE,
BUT THE COMPUTER WOULD NEVER REALLY FEEL THAT.
>> ALL RIGHT, AND SO IT DOESN'T HAVE THE DNA AND THE FLESH
AND BLOOD AND THE GENETIC MAKEUP THAT WE HAVE.
>> NO.
>> IT'S JUST A SYSTEM OF BINARY NUMBERS AND BINARY PROCESSES
THAT ALLOW US TO GET TO THE END OF THAT LONG ALGORITHM
WHICH PROVIDES AN ANSWER TO A PARTICULAR PROBLEM,
BUT WE HAVE TO GIVE IT THE PROBLEM TO SOLVE.
>> EXACTLY.
AND I THINK WHERE SOME OF THE DISCOMFORT THAT PEOPLE HAVE
WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE COMES FROM IS BASICALLY
BECAUSE PEOPLE GET CONFUSED OR GET SURPRISED
WHEN THESE MACHINES BECOME MORE AUTONOMOUS THAN THEY USE TO BE,
SO NOW THEY CAN DO CERTAIN THINGS
AND THEY CAN DO NOT JUST ONE ITEM
OR ONE THING THEY CAN DO A SEQUENCE OF...THEY CAN FOLLOW A
SEQUENCE OF STEPS, THEY CAN FOLLOW SEVERAL PROBLEMS
AND THEN SOMETIMES WHAT THEY DO MAY SURPRISE US
AND MAY MAKE US FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE.
BUT AT THE SAME TIME IT DOESN'T MEAN THESE MACHINES ARE
IN ANY WAY INTELLIGENT ON THEIR OWN,
THEY ARE JUST BASICALLY DOING WHAT WE TOLD THEM TO DO.
>> AND SO WE GET INTO THE AREA OF ETHICS
AS THESE COMPUTERS BECOME MORE AND MORE POWERFUL.
THE ETHICS ARE NOT WHAT THE COMPUTER IS DOING;
THE ETHICS ARE THE PROGRAMMERS
THAT ARE CREATING THOSE DATA SETS.
>> EXACTLY.
I MEAN THAT'S THE WHOLE ISSUE WE HAVE THESE DAYS WITH MALWARE
FOR EXAMPLE, WITH VIRUSES,
WITH WORMS WHERE BASICALLY PROGRAMMER'S DECIDE
TO WRITE CODE THAT CAN EXPLOIT VULNERABILITIES
ON COMPUTING SYSTEMS AND THEN HARM OTHER COMPUTER USERS.
>> AND AS WE TALK ABOUT MALWARE AND VIRUSES AND NEGATIVE USES
OF THE INTERNET AND SO ON, WE KNOW THAT THERE HAS BEEN A LOT
OF CONCERN ABOUT INFORMATION PRIVACY
AND ELECTRONIC EAVESDROPPING AND SO ON AND ONE
OF THE TERMS THAT'S USED A LOT THESE DAYS IS METADATA ANALYSIS.
PEOPLE MAY HAVE HEARD THAT TERM
BUT NOT KNOW EXACTLY WHAT IT MEANS.
WHAT DOES METADATA ANALYSIS MEAN?
>> SO WHEN WE, FOR EXAMPLE, GO ON LINE WHEN WE SEND AN E-MAIL
OR WHEN WE POST A STATUS UPDATE ON FACEBOOK OR WE SEND
OUT A TWEET OR WE FOLLOW A TWEET,
WE ALWAYS LEAVE AN ELECTRONIC TRACE ON THE INTERNET.
AND SO THESE, THESE TRACES, THESE ACTIVITIES ARE STORED
IN DATA BASES AND THESE DATA BASES ARE OFTEN PUBLICLY
AVAILABLE OR AVAILABLE TO PEOPLE WHO KNOW WHAT TO LOOK FOR
AND WHAT THESE PEOPLE CAN
OR AGENCIES CAN DO IS THEY CAN START SEARCHING THESE DATA BASES
AND THEY CAN LOOK FOR PATTERNS
AND IF THEY FIND THESE PATTERNS THEY THEN CAN DETERMINE,
FOR EXAMPLE, WHAT CONNECTIONS WE HAVE, WHO WE KNOW,
WHERE WE'VE BEEN, WHAT IS OUR USER SCHEDULE AND SO ON
AND SO FORTH AND THIS TYPE OR THESE TYPE
OF TRACES ARE WHAT WE CALL METADATA
AND ANALYZING THEM JUST MEANS GOING, COMBING THROUGH THEM
AND TRYING TO EXTRACT PATTERNS.
>> AND WE'VE OF COURSE ABOUT THE NSA'S ELECTRONIC EAVESDROPPING
ON E-MAIL AND INTERNET ACTIVITIES, WHAT DO WE KNOW
ABOUT WHAT THE NSA KNOWS ABOUT US?
>> WE DON'T REALLY KNOW WHAT THEY KNOW ABOUT US,
BUT I WOULD SAY THAT IN MOST CASES THEY HAVE NO INTEREST
IN OUR EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES.
ALL THEY'RE DOING IS THEY ARE LOOKING FOR UNUSUAL PATTERNS
THAT SHOW UP IN THE DATA WHERE SOMETHING IS HAPPENING THAT,
YOU KNOW LOOKS IN A WAY STRANGE AND THEN THEY MAY FOLLOW
UP ON THAT, BUT THEY HAVE...I DON'T THINK THEY HAVE THE TIME
OR THE CAPACITY AND THE CONCERN TO REALLY BE TOO MUCH INTERESTED
IN OUR EVERYDAY, MUNDANE LIVES.
>> I GUESS THE IMPORTANT THING
FOR THE AVERAGE CITIZEN USING THE COMPUTER AT HOME IS
TO BE AWARE OF WHAT YOU'RE DOING IN TERMS OF POSTING ONLINE.
>> RIGHT. SO FOR EXAMPLE
IF YOU HAVE...WHEN YOU DO ONLINE BANKING,
THEN USUALLY HAVE SOME SORT
OF SECURITY QUESTIONS THAT YOU CAN ANSWER.
LET'S SAY YOU FORGOT YOUR PASSWORD,
THEY ASKED YOU SECURITY QUESTIONS THAT WOULD ALLOW YOU
TO RESET YOUR PASSWORD.
NOW IF THE ANSWER TO THIS SECURITY QUESTION CAN BE DERIVED
FROM SOMETHING THAT YOU POST
ON FACEBOOK THEN OBVIOUSLY THAT'S NOT A GOOD IDEA.
SO YOU NEED TO MAKE SURE YOU PROTECT YOURSELF,
ALSO EVEN THOUGH FACEBOOK ASKS YOU FOR YOUR BIRTHDAY,
THERE'S NO NEED FOR YOU TO GIVE THEM YOUR REAL BIRTHDAY,
I MEAN BECAUSE IF YOU DO SO, OTHERS,
YOU KNOW WHO ARE YOUR FRIENDS WILL BE ABLE
TO KNOW WHAT'S YOUR BIRTHDAY AND MAYBE AT SOME POINT SOME
OF THESE FRIENDS ARE NOT YOUR FRIENDS ANYMORE SO YOU HAVE
TO THINK ABOUT THAT, YOU HAVE TO THINK ABOUT,
YOU KNOW NOT EVERYBODY THAT YOU ARE, YOU KNOW IN CLOSE CONTACTS
WITH RIGHT NOW MAYBE YOUR FRIEND IN 5, 10, 15 YEARS.
AND ALSO IF YOU PROVIDE THIS INFORMATION,
IT'S STORED IN THE DATA BASE OF THESE COMPANIES,
COMPANIES LIKE FACEBOOK AND YOU REALLY DON'T KNOW WHO HAS ACCESS
TO THEIR DATA BASES, MAYBE THEY SELL SOME OF THAT INFORMATION
WITHOUT TELLING US AND SO THESE ARE THINGS,
YOU KNOW YOU SHOULD BE AWARE OF
AND I THINK IT'S ALWAYS VERY GOOD
TO HAVE A CERTAIN...JUST BE CAREFUL
ABOUT PROVIDING THIS TYPE OF INFORMATION.
>> AND WE ALSO KNOW THAT IF YOU USE THE INTERNET EXTENSIVELY,
LIKE MOST PEOPLE DO TODAY, THAT CERTAIN PATTERNS MAY DEVELOP
IN THE KINDS OF SEARCHES THAT YOU DO ON THE INTERNET
AND COMPANIES LIKE, FOR EXAMPLE, GOOGLE AND YAHOO AND SO
ON MAYBE TRACKING THAT AS WELL.
>> RIGHT.
>> AND WHY WOULD THEY HAVE AN INTEREST IN TRACKING THAT?
>> WELL, BECAUSE THEY CAN SELL IT TO ADVERTISERS,
THEY CAN SELL IT TO OTHER COMPANIES, YOU KNOW IF YOU,
FOR EXAMPLE, LOOKING FOR A NEW CAR AND YOU START SEARCHING FOR,
YOU KNOW YOU PUT CAR MAKER AND MODELS
INTO THE SEARCH ENGINE THEN THEY KNOW YOU'RE LOOKING PROBABLY
FOR A CAR THEY CAN DERIVE THAT AND THEN THEY CAN TARGET YOU
FOR ADVERTISING OR MAYBE EVEN HAVE SOMEONE CONTACT YOU
IF THEY HAVE ENOUGH INFORMATION TO TALK TO YOU
ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF BUYING A NEW CAR,
SO THAT CAN BE VERY VALUABLE INFORMATION SO THEY GET A KIND
OF LEG UP THERE, LIKE ONE STEP AHEAD OF THE GAME, SO TO SPEAK.
>> AND IN TERMS OF INFORMATION PRIVACY,
I GUESS THE IMPORTANT PROCEDURE, FIRST OF ALL IS TO BE PRIVATE
ABOUT WHAT YOU REVEAL ON THE INTERNET.
>> RIGHT. I MEAN YOU SHOULD BE VERY CONSCIOUS
OF WHAT YOU REVEAL AND YOU DON'T HAVE TO REVEAL IT
IF IT'S NOT ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY.
I DON'T WANT TO SAY THAT, YOU KNOW YOU SHOULD JUST SIT THERE
AND NOT USE IT ANYMORE BUT JUST BE CONSCIOUS THAT,
YOU KNOW WHATEVER YOU SAY IN A WAY CAN BE USED IN A WAY
AGAINST YOU, RIGHT, LIKE IN EVERYDAY LIFE,
I MEAN WHATEVER YOU SAY IF YOUR ARE AT WORK, WHATEVER YOU SAY,
IF YOU SAY THE WRONG THING, IT CAN BE USED AGAINST YOU
AND IT'S THE SAME THING ON THE INTERNET.
SOMEHOW, SOMETIMES I FEEL LIKE PEOPLE THINK
WHEN THEY ARE DEALING WITH THE INTERNET IT'S KIND OF A FREE
FOR ALL ZONE AND THAT'S NOT REALLY TRUE AT ALL.
>> AND INTERESTINGLY PEOPLE WILL REVEAL THINGS ON THE INTERNET
THAT THEY MIGHT NOT TELL THEIR NEXT DOOR NEIGHBOR.
>> RIGHT. EXACTLY, THEY MAY NEVER TELL
THAT TO THEIR COLLEAGUE AT WORK OR ANYTHING LIKE THAT
BUT THEY JUST PUT IT RIGHT THERE ON FACEBOOK
OR PUT IT INTO A TWEET.
>> AND SO NOW IT'S AVAILABLE TO THE WHOLE WORLD TO SEE.
>> AND IT'S AVAILABLE TO PEOPLE WE HAVE NO IDEA ABOUT,
WHO MAY USE SOME DATA MINING TO LOOK FOR INFORMATION ABOUT US
AND BE ABLE TO FIND ALL THAT, YEARS LATER POSSIBLY.
>> LET'S TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT DATA MINING AND THIS RELATES
OF COURSE TO THE METADATA ANALYSIS
THAT WE WERE TALKING ABOUT.
WHAT IS DATA MINING?
>> SO BASICALLY NOW, YOU KNOW BECAUSE WE ARE ALL SO USED
TO THE INTERNET, WE'RE HAVING OUR SMART PHONES,
WE'RE HAVING OUR TABLETS, AS I SAID BEFORE WE LEAVE A LOT
OF INFORMATION BEHIND AND THIS CREATES A HUGE AMOUNT
OF DATA THAT'S AVAILABLE FOR CATEGORIZING, SEARCHING
AND AGAIN LOOKING FOR PATTERNS, LOOKING FOR INFORMATION
ABOUT SPECIFIC ITEMS, SPECIFIC PERSONS
AND THAT'S BASICALLY CALLED DATA MINING.
SO YOU LOOK AT THIS LARGE MOUNTAIN OF DATA AND YOU TRY
TO FIND SOMETHING THAT BELONGS TOGETHER AND THEN USE IT
IN A DIFFERENT CONTEXT USUALLY.
>> OKAY. I'D LIKE TO TALK JUST FOR MOMENT
BECAUSE WE JUST HAVE A COUPLE OF MINUTES LEFT ABOUT YOUR STUDENTS
AND YOUR WORK IN THE CLASSROOM.
WHAT KINDS OF THINGS ARE YOU DOING WITH THE STUDENTS
AND WHAT KINDS OF JOBS ARE THEY APPLYING FOR WHEN THEY GRADUATE?
>> OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS I BEEN TEACHING OUR SECURITY CLASS
AND OUR STUDENTS, THEY, YOU KNOW WHAT WE DO IS WE
OR WHAT I DO IS I HELP THEM TO, FOR EXAMPLE,
I HAVE THEM DO A PROJECT AT THE END AND THEY HAVE
TO DO THE PRESENTATION, WRITE A REPORT
AND MANY STUDENTS THEY FIND EMPLOYMENT
IN THE SECURITY SECTORS OR SOME HAVE ENDED UP AT COMPANIES
LIKE SYMANTEC WHICH SITS IN SANTA MONICA
WHICH PRODUCES ANTI-VIRUS SOFTWARE.
OTHERS ALSO FIND EMPLOYMENT JUST
AS SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS AND THINGS LIKE THAT.
>> AND HOW WOULD YOU SAY THE FIELD, THE INDUSTRY IS GOING,
WILL THERE BE A NUMBER OF OPPORTUNITIES IN THE FUTURE,
IS THIS A GOOD FIELD TO GET INTO?
>> OH, THIS IS REALLY, I MEAN THE SKY IS THE LIMIT SO TO SPEAK
BECAUSE WE JUST TALKED ABOUT SECURITY ISSUES,
RIGHT AND THIS AREA IS SO...OF SUCH A GREAT CONCERN THAT ANYONE
WHO WANTS TO GO INTO THAT AREA WILL HAVE,
I WOULD SAY WOULD HAVE ALMOST GUARANTEED EMPLOYMENT
FOR THE NEXT 20,30, 40 YEARS
BECAUSE THE THREATS ARE NOT GOING AWAY AND SO
THAT MEANS WE HAVE TO HAVE PEOPLE WHO CAN DO DEAL
WITH THESE THREATS, WHO CAN WORK IN THIS SECTOR OF,
YOU KNOW PRIVACY PROTECTION AND AREAS LIKE THAT.
>> WELL, THAT'S A GOOD NOTE TO END ON IN TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT
FOR THE NEXT 40 OR 50 YEARS, THAT'S TERRIFIC.
SO KEEP UP THE GREAT WORK IN THE CLASSROOM
AND WITH THE RESEARCH THAT YOU'RE DOING.
AND THANKS AGAIN FOR JOINING US TODAY.
>> MY PLEASURE.
>> AND THANK YOU FOR WATCHING THIS EDITION OF TALKING POINTS.
JOIN US AGAIN NEXT TIME,
UNTIL THEN I'M DAVE KELLY, HAVE A NICE DAY.
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