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They had no other means. They don't know how heredity functions.
So they used appearances, impressions,
measuring... Measuring skulls, length and width, and other techniques.
They invented all kinds of techniques.
Measuring skull capacity by pouring in grains. Pouring the grains in measuring devices.
Incredible ideas.
They compared appearances to put people in categories - 'fit' and 'unfit' -
superior and inferior
using all kinds of measurements, which were later also used by the nazis,
the skull, from pink to elbow, they measure everything
And also with those pictures - Galton was looking for the specific
specific for people with tuberculosis. Recognizing 'TBC people'
for example, when employing a new employee,
or a new soldier, could be very important.
Or people with syphilis, etc.
They're still thinking about such ideas.
And you then see in the United States,
unlike Britain, where individual liberty was very important,
since the Glorious Revolution, 17th century, etc.
In England, eugenics remained theoretical.
Eugenic measures were never taken in England.
But there were in the United States, a young nation, a pioneer nation,
a hard nation, with a huge amount of immigrants,
with many races coming in,
and when America was full,
"the boat is full"
they looked for methods - around 1910 -
They look for methods to "better select" the stream of immigrants.
Again, human selection...
And there, they will use Galton's idea, that you can select people on sight "de visu".
Categorizing them as fit and unfit.
They applied this. Especially women were trained to do this,
..Davenport did this..
Training women - training took 3 to 4 days -
to select criminals from the masses of half a million people entering each year.
they did so, on Ellis Island, in the shadow of the Statue of Liberty,
they did for decennia, and later the IQ was added. Intelligence tests, invented,
actually in France, invented by Binet - a kind of intelligence quotient -
a measurement of intelligence.
But in France they did this to present better schooling to youngsters who had trouble at school.
To get them out in time, not to discriminate them, but for positive discrimination.
So, a positive discrimination.
But in England this was used immediately, by a number of psychologists, like Goddard,
who made the Intelligence Quotient from this,
which would be hereditary - Binet kept fighting this -
and then they measured - using, what are in fact ridiculous tests,
..we still have some of those tests..
They then tested people, who had been closed up in a ship's hold for weeks,
Jews from Eastern Europe, Italians from Southern Italy who can barely read or write,
..if they were able..
they had to answer questions,
..multiple choice questions..
if they can't read, they get images,
because most of them can't read,
For example, those images,
You see a tennis court, with two tennis players,
and a ball, and there's something missing and you have to say what.
And the net is missing.
Of course, these people who came from the schtettle, from Eastern Europe,
didn't even know tennis existed, had never seen a tennis court.
Or the racket is missing, that type of questions.
They used this kind of tests to eliminate people,
The result of this is - noteworthy -
that the Jews - at that time, 1920 - were presented as the most stupid, most idiotic beings on earth.
Why? They were Eastern European Jews, they came from the schtettle, they never learned English,
they didn't understand what happened to them, etc.
And that will eventually lead - terrible - that twenty years later,
..the quota were fixed at that time, how many Italians can come in, how many Irish..
..how many Spaniards, how many East-Europeans and Russians - including many Jews -
How many can come in? These quota were made law,
and they remained in effect - even during the Nazi persecution -
So, when in 1933 the Nazis put on the thumb screws,
and began slowly crushing,
to push out the Jews - because that's what the Nazis wanted -
..the Nazis didn't want the Jews dead, they didn't care..
They wanted to get rid of the Jews, and if the world wanted to take up all those Jews,
then it was enough for the Nazis, then their Race; the Folk organism, the German folk,
would have been purified. But what said the world? "Ho, ho, we don't want them either."
This is a story which repeats itself, which is current events,
with all the migrations taking place, economic refugees, etc.
So, what happened? In 1938, the civilized nations meet in Evian,
..in that Swiss spa resort..
and that's where they decide: "No, we won't take in more Jews."
End of 1938 - not a coincidence - Reichskristallnacht.
..the same year..
and that's putting more pressure - for the first time - putting 20000 to 30000 Jews in concentration camps.
That's saying to the world: "Take our Jews, or they're dead."
Not that they already thought this, Hitler already did,
but not everyone understood this,
it is only in the 2nd half of 1941, that they - because Jews weren't humans in the eyes of the Nazis -
that they will destroy them.
Then, that decision comes, but only then,
..but to get back to my story..
This whole movement, eugenics, steering the procreation of population groups,
to make the nation's body better, purer, prettier, and who knows...
will cause - for example, one of the many effects -
the institution of quota for immigration to the United States,
because of which, when the Nazis begin exterminating the Jews,
in Germany, and Austria, and all countries they dominated,
because of which less Jews were saved, than could have been.